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Fig. 1 | Critical Care

Fig. 1

From: Brain–heart interaction after acute ischemic stroke

Fig. 1

Neural connections: from the brain to the heart and from the heart to the brain. Sympathetic system efferences from the spinal cord (NA and NY) to the cervical and upper thoracic ganglia, thus to sinus atrial node and atrial ventricular node. Afferences from the chemosensory and mechanosensory neurons in the heart to the intrathoracic and dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord, to central autonomic network. Parasympathetic system efferences from the medulla oblongata (noradrenaline) to the sinus atrial node and atrial ventricular node. Afferences from the chemosensory and mechanosensory neurons to the vagal nerve, nodose ganglia, medulla oblongata, and central autonomic network. Efferences from the hypothalamus (CRH) to the pituitary gland (ACTH) to the adrenal gland (cortisol). NA, noradrenaline; NY, neuropeptide Y; CRH, corticotropin-releasing hormone; ACTH, adrenocorticotropic hormone

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Critical Care

ISSN: 1364-8535