Subphenotype 1 (n = 133) | Subphenotype 2 (n = 168) | p value | |
---|---|---|---|
Age, years (SD) | 64 (15) | 65 (15) | 0.58 |
Sex, male | 88 (66%) | 97 (58%) | 0.14 |
BMI, kg/m2 (SD) | 30.3 (8.5) | 27.3 (5.1) | < 0.001 |
Operative admission | 28 (21.2%) | 51 (30.4%) | 0.074 |
Diabetes mellitus | 44 (33.1%) | 44 (26.2%) | 0.19 |
Chronic liver failure | 7 (5.3%) | 3 (1.8%) | 0.098 |
Chronic kidney disease | 17 (13.1%) | 7 (4.2%) | 0.005 |
Baseline creatinine, mmol/L (SD)* | 91.1 (55.9) | 86.7 (50.3) | 0.55 |
Admission origin | 0.49 | ||
Operation room/recovery | 28 (21.1%) | 48 (28.6%) | |
Emergency room | 55 (41.4%) | 60 (35.7%) | |
Ward | 39 (29.3%) | 48 (28.6%) | |
Other ICU/high-dependency unit/other | 11 (8.3%) | 12 (7.1%) | |
Timing of AKI | 0.94 | ||
Within 24 h | 73 (54.9%) | 93 (55.4%) | |
Within 48 h | 60 (45.1%) | 75 (44.6%) | |
Clinical variables on admission | |||
Urinary tract infection | 12 (9.0%) | 20 (11.9%) | 0.42 |
Pneumonia | 26 (19.5%) | 25 (14.9%) | 0.28 |
Mechanical ventilation | 72 (54.1%) | 78 (46.4%) | 0.18 |
Vasopressors, any | 64 (48.1%) | 107 (63.7%) | 0.007 |
KDIGO AKI stage | 0.37 | ||
Stage 1 | 63 (47.4%) | 67 (39.9%) | |
Stage 2 | 22 (16.5%) | 26 (15.5%) | |
Stage 3 | 35 (26.3%) | 60 (35.7%) | |
Modified SOFA on admission (SD) | 6.0 (2.6) | 6.4 (2.5) | 0.20 |
APACHE II score (SD) | 27.3 (9.4) | 27.8 (8.6) | 0.66 |
Mean arterial pressure, mmHg (SD) | 75 (21) | 74 (22) | 0.58 |
Biochemical variables on admission | |||
Leukocyte count, × 109/L (SD) | 12.1 (6.4) | 14.3 (9.6) | 0.027 |
Platelet count, × 109/L (SD) | 232 (125) | 202 (143) | 0.064 |
Haematocrit (SD) | 0.35 (0.07) | 0.35 (0.08) | 0.90 |
CRP, nmol/L (SD) | 124 (111) | 234 (143) | < 0.001 |
pH (SD) | 7.3 (0.2) | 7.3 (0.1) | 0.78 |
Highest lactate, mmol/L (SD) | 4.1 (4.5) | 4.5 (3.6) | 0.47 |
Base excess, lowest (SD) | − 6.2 (9.1) | − 8.3 (6.7) | 0.039 |
Creatinine, μmol/L (SD) | 213 (230) | 212 (181) | 0.97 |
Treatment | |||
Fluid balance at 72 h, mL (IQR) | 6738 (1868–10,169) | 8286 (4202–13,671) | 0.012 |
Vasopressor load, μg/kg/min (IQR) | 0.18 (0.04–0.44) | 0.28 (0.12–0.69) | 0.009 |
Renal replacement therapy | 31 (23.3%) | 66 (39.3%) | 0.003 |
Outcomes | |||
SOFA score on day 2 (SD) | 6.3 (3.8) | 8.3 (4.4) | < 0.001 |
SOFA score on day 3 (SD) | 6.1 (3.7) | 7.3 (4.3) | 0.025 |
Renal recovery on day 5 | 85 (63.9%) | 78 (46.4%) | 0.003 |
In-hospital mortality | 25 (18.8%) | 60 (35.7%) | 0.001 |
90-day mortality | 39 (29.3%) | 68 (40.5%) | 0.045 |