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Table 1 Characteristics of study population per subphenotype

From: Two subphenotypes of septic acute kidney injury are associated with different 90-day mortality and renal recovery

 

Subphenotype 1 (n = 133)

Subphenotype 2 (n = 168)

p value

Age, years (SD)

64 (15)

65 (15)

0.58

Sex, male

88 (66%)

97 (58%)

0.14

BMI, kg/m2 (SD)

30.3 (8.5)

27.3 (5.1)

< 0.001

Operative admission

28 (21.2%)

51 (30.4%)

0.074

Diabetes mellitus

44 (33.1%)

44 (26.2%)

0.19

Chronic liver failure

7 (5.3%)

3 (1.8%)

0.098

Chronic kidney disease

17 (13.1%)

7 (4.2%)

0.005

Baseline creatinine, mmol/L (SD)*

91.1 (55.9)

86.7 (50.3)

0.55

Admission origin

  

0.49

 Operation room/recovery

28 (21.1%)

48 (28.6%)

 

 Emergency room

55 (41.4%)

60 (35.7%)

 

 Ward

39 (29.3%)

48 (28.6%)

 

 Other ICU/high-dependency unit/other

11 (8.3%)

12 (7.1%)

 

Timing of AKI

  

0.94

 Within 24 h

73 (54.9%)

93 (55.4%)

 

 Within 48 h

60 (45.1%)

75 (44.6%)

Clinical variables on admission

 Urinary tract infection

12 (9.0%)

20 (11.9%)

0.42

 Pneumonia

26 (19.5%)

25 (14.9%)

0.28

 Mechanical ventilation

72 (54.1%)

78 (46.4%)

0.18

 Vasopressors, any

64 (48.1%)

107 (63.7%)

0.007

 KDIGO AKI stage

  

0.37

  Stage 1

63 (47.4%)

67 (39.9%)

 

  Stage 2

22 (16.5%)

26 (15.5%)

 

  Stage 3

35 (26.3%)

60 (35.7%)

 

 Modified SOFA on admission (SD)

6.0 (2.6)

6.4 (2.5)

0.20

 APACHE II score (SD)

27.3 (9.4)

27.8 (8.6)

0.66

 Mean arterial pressure, mmHg (SD)

75 (21)

74 (22)

0.58

Biochemical variables on admission

 Leukocyte count, × 109/L (SD)

12.1 (6.4)

14.3 (9.6)

0.027

 Platelet count, × 109/L (SD)

232 (125)

202 (143)

0.064

 Haematocrit (SD)

0.35 (0.07)

0.35 (0.08)

0.90

 CRP, nmol/L (SD)

124 (111)

234 (143)

< 0.001

 pH (SD)

7.3 (0.2)

7.3 (0.1)

0.78

 Highest lactate, mmol/L (SD)

4.1 (4.5)

4.5 (3.6)

0.47

 Base excess, lowest (SD)

− 6.2 (9.1)

− 8.3 (6.7)

0.039

 Creatinine, μmol/L (SD)

213 (230)

212 (181)

0.97

Treatment

 Fluid balance at 72 h, mL (IQR)

6738 (1868–10,169)

8286 (4202–13,671)

0.012

 Vasopressor load, μg/kg/min (IQR)

0.18 (0.04–0.44)

0.28 (0.12–0.69)

0.009

 Renal replacement therapy

31 (23.3%)

66 (39.3%)

0.003

Outcomes

 SOFA score on day 2 (SD)

6.3 (3.8)

8.3 (4.4)

< 0.001

 SOFA score on day 3 (SD)

6.1 (3.7)

7.3 (4.3)

0.025

 Renal recovery on day 5

85 (63.9%)

78 (46.4%)

0.003

 In-hospital mortality

25 (18.8%)

60 (35.7%)

0.001

 90-day mortality

39 (29.3%)

68 (40.5%)

0.045

  1. Description: Data are presented as numbers (percentages) or mean (SD)/median (IQR). Vasopressors included here are norepinephrine, dobutamine, and epinephrine
  2. BMI body mass index, KDIGO Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcome, AKI acute kidney injury, SOFA Sequential Organ Failure Assessment, APACHE Acute Physiology, Age, Chronic Health Evaluation, CRP C-reactive protein
  3. *Baseline serum creatinine was available for 69% of patients and, if missing, estimated using the MDRD formula