Aijian 1989 [17] | USA | < 19 years, arrested patients only | 28 | Non-physician, no relaxants | Road | Overall intubation success, overall airway complication, oesophageal intubation, endobronchial intubation | Moderate |
Andrew 2015 [18] | Australia | < 16 years | 16 | Non-physician, with relaxants | Helicopter | Overall and first look success rate, multiple attempts | Low |
Babl 2001 [19] | USA | < 19 years | 15 | Non-physician, no relaxants | Road | Overall intubation success rate | Low |
Baker 2009 [20] | USA | < 18 years | 148 | Non-physician, no relaxants | Road | Overall and first look success rate, overall complication rate | Moderate |
Bankole 2011 [6] | USA | < 13 years, traumatic head injury only | 31 | Non-physician, no relaxants | Helicopter and road | Overall success and airway complication rate, oesophageal intubation, multiple attempts | Low |
Boswell 1995 [21] | USA | < 14 years, unconscious trauma patients transported by helicopter only | 58 | Non-physician, no relaxants | Helicopter | Overall intubation success rate | Moderate |
Brownstein 1996 [22] | USA | < 16 years, successful field intubations only | 355 | Non-physician, with relaxants | Road | Overall complication, oesophageal and endobronchial intubation rate, aspiration rate | Moderate |
Burns 2017 [10] | Australia | < 16 years | 82 | Physician | Helicopter and road | Overall intubation and first look success, overall airway complication, oesophageal and endobronchial intubation, hypoxia, aspiration, multiple attempts | Low |
Burton 2003 [23] | USA | < 13 years | 137 | Non-physician, no relaxants | Road | Overall intubation success rate | Low |
Carlson 2015 [3] | USA | < 18 years | 3049 | Non-physician, no relaxants | Helicopter and road | Overall intubation success rate | Moderate |
Demaret 2016 [24] | Belgium | < 16 years | 353 | Physician | Road | Overall intubation and first look success | Low |
Dyson 2017 [25] | Australia | < 15 years | 434 | Non-physician, with relaxants | Road | Overall intubation and first look success | Low |
Ehrlich 2004 [26] | USA | < 19 years, trauma only | 59 | Non-physician, with relaxants | Helicopter and road | First look success, overall airway complication, oesophageal and endobronchial intubation, aspiration rate | Moderate |
Eich 2009 [1] | Germany | < 14 years | 82, 58 reported in detail | Physician | Helicopter and road | Overall intubation and first look success, overall airway complication, oesophageal and endobronchial intubation, multiple attempts | Moderate |
Garner 2019 [7] | Australia | < 16 years | (a) 7, (b) 61 | (a) Non-physician, no relaxants; (b) physician | (a) Road, (b) helicopter | Overall intubation and first look success, overall airway complication, oesophageal and endobronchial intubation, hypoxia, aspiration rate, multiple attempts | Low |
Garza 2005 [5] | USA | < 16 years, arrested patients only | 86 | Non-physician, no relaxants | Road | Overall intubation success rate | Moderate |
Gausche 2000 [27] | USA | < 12 years | 324 | Non-physician, no relaxants | Road | Overall intubation success rate, overall airway complication, oesophageal and endobronchial intubation rate | Low |
Gerritse 2010 [8] | Netherlands | < 16 years | (a) 86, (b) 214 | (a) Non-physician, no relaxants; (b) physician | (a) Helicopter, (b) road | Overall intubation success, overall airway complication, oesophageal intubation rate | Low |
Hansen 2015 [28] | USA | < 18 years | (a) 2444, (b) 408 | (a) Non-physician, no relaxants; (b) non-physician, with relaxants | Helicopter and road | Overall intubation success, oesophageal intubation rate | Moderate |
Hansen 2018 [29] | USA | < 18 years, transported cardiac arrests only | 35 | Non-physician, no relaxants | Road | Overall intubation success, multiple attempt rate | Low |
Harrison 2004 [30] | USA | < 13 years | 143 | Non-physician, with relaxants | Helicopter and road | Overall intubation and first look success, oesophageal intubation, hypoxia, multiple attempts | Moderate |
Heschl 2018 [31] | Australia | < 15 years | 87 | Non-physician, with relaxants | Helicopter | Overall intubation and first look success, oesophageal intubation, multiple attempts | Moderate |
Jarvis 2019 [32] | USA | < 15 years | (a) 406, (b) 49 | (a) Non-physician, no relaxants; (b) non-physician, with relaxants | Helicopter and road | First look success | Moderate |
Kumar 1997 [33] | USA | < 16 years, arrested patients only | 39 | Non-physician, no relaxants | Road | Overall intubation success rate | Moderate |
Lavery 1992 [34] | USA | < 19 years, trauma only | 14 | Non-physician, no relaxants | Road | Overall intubation success rate | Moderate |
Losek 1989 [35] | USA | < 19 years | 63 | Non-physician, no relaxants | Road | Overall intubation and first look success, multiple attempts | Low |
Losek 1994 [36] | USA | < 19 years | 193 | Non-physician, no relaxants | Road | Overall intubation success rate | Low |
Martinon 2011 [37] | France | 2–15 years, unintentional traumatic brain injury only | (a) 188, (b) 108 | (a) Physician before guideline; (b) physician after guidelines | Road | Overall success rate, overall airway complication rates, hypoxia | Moderate |
Moors 2018 [38] | Netherlands | < 17 years | (a) 79, (b) 103 | (a) Non-physician, no relaxants; (b) physician | (a) Road, (b) helicopter | Overall intubation success, oesophageal and endobronchial intubation | Low |
Nakayama 1990 [39] | USA | Trauma admissions to a paediatric trauma centre | 14 | Non-physician, no relaxants | Road | Overall intubation success, overall airway complication rate, oesophageal and endobronchial intubation rates | Moderate |
Nevin 2014 [40] | UK | < 16 years, trauma only | 315 | Physician | Helicopter and road | Overall intubation success, oesophageal intubation rate, multiple attempts | Low |
Paul 1999 [41] | USA | < 13 years, trauma only | 6 | Paramedic | Road | Overall intubation success rate | Moderate |
Pointer 1989 [42] | USA | < 15 years | 36 | Non-physician, no relaxants | Road | Overall intubation and first look success, overall airway complication, oesophageal and endobronchial intubation, multiple attempts | Low |
Prekker 2016 [43] | USA | < 13 years | 299 | Non-physician, with relaxants | Road | Overall intubation and first look success, overall airway complication, oesophageal and endobronchial intubation, aspiration rate, multiple attempts | Low |
Schmidt 2016 [9] | Switzerland | < 17 years | 215 | Physician | Helicopter | Overall intubation and first look success, oesophageal intubation | Low |
Simons 2017 [44] | Finland | < 16 years | 34 | Physician | Helicopter and road | Oesophageal and endobronchial intubation rate, aspiration rate | Moderate |
Sing 1996 [45] | USA | < 18 years, relaxant assisted cases only | 40 | Non-physician, with relaxants | Helicopter | Overall intubation and first look success, overall airway complication, oesophageal and endobronchial intubation, hypoxia, aspiration rate | Low |
Tarpgaard 2015 [46] | Denmark | < 16 years | 25 | Physician | Helicopter and road | Overall intubation and first look success, overall airway complication, oesophageal intubation, hypoxia, aspiration rate | Low |
Tollefsen 2013 [47] | USA | < 15 years | 260 | Non-physician, with relaxants | Helicopter | Overall intubation and first look success, oesophageal intubation, multiple attempts | Low |
Vilke 2002 [48] | USA | < 15 years | 324 | Non-physician, no relaxants | Helicopter and road | Overall intubation success, and oesophageal intubation | Low |