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Table 3 Multilevel analysis of factors associated with hospital mortality

From: The clinical relevance of oliguria in the critically ill patient: analysis of a large observational database

Variables

OR (95% CI)

p value

Fixed effects, varying within clusters

 Age

1.00 (1.00–1.01)

0.19

 Sex, male

0.99 (0.85–1.14)

0.848

 SAPS II

1.05 (1.05–1.06)

< 0.001

 Type of admission (%)

  Surgical

Ref

na

  Medical

1.53 (1.26–1.86)

< 0.001

  Trauma

1.53 (1.14–2.05)

0.004

  Other

1.92 (0.71–5.17)

0.196

 Source of admission

  OR/recovery

Ref

na

  Other hospital

1.17 (0.81–1.68)

0.404

  ER/ambulance

1.12 (0.84–1.49)

0.458

  Hospital floor

1.65 (1.26–2.16)

< 0.001

  Other

1.20 (0.81–1.80)

0.366

 Comorbidities

  COPD

0.98 (0.73–1.31)

0.877

  Cancer

1.41 (1.15–1.74)

0.001

  Metastatic cancer

1.20 (0.86–1.67)

0.281

  Hematologic cancer

1.75 (1.25–2.44)

0.001

  Insulin

0.84 (0.64–1.09)

0.189

  Heart failure, NYHA III/IV

1.54 (1.19–1.99)

0.001

  HIV infection

0.73 (0.27–1.94)

0.523

  Cirrhosis

2.12 (1.45–3.10)

< 0.001

  Immunosuppression

1.19 (0.78–1.79)

0.419

  Steroid therapy

1.17 (0.74–1.84)

0.497

  Chemotherapy

0.92 (0.55–1.53)

0.748

 Creatinine, highest [mg/dl]

1.00 (0.97–1.02)

0.796

 Daily fluid balancea [l]

1.37 (1.25–1.50)

< 0.001

 Procedures during the ICU stay

  Mechanical ventilation

2.66 (2.12–3.34)

< 0.001

  Renal replacement therapy

1.51 (1.19–1.91)

0.001

 Severity of sepsis

  No sepsis

Ref

na

  Sepsis without shock

0.98 (0.75–1.28)

0.887

  Septic shock

1.55 (1.25–1.92)

< 0.001

 End-of-life decision

11.82 (6.70–20.84)

< 0.001

 Oliguria on admission

1.14 (0.97–1.34)

0.103

Fixed effects, constant within clusters

 Type of hospital

  

  University/academic

Ref

na

  Non-university

1.16 (0.88–1.52)

0.293

 Number of patients admitted to the ICU (in 2011)

  750+

Ref

na

  500–749

0.95 (0.76–1.19)

0.663

  250–499

0.95 (0.68–1.31)

0.746

  < 250

1.21 (0.77–1.91)

0.415

 ICU specialty

  Surgical

Ref

na

  Medical

0.63 (0.38–1.04)

0.072

  Mixed

0.73 (0.54–1.00)

0.047

  Others

0.94 (0.58–1.52)

0.79

 Staffed ICU beds

  15+

Ref

na

  < 15

1.12 (0.87–1.44)

0.397

 Income

  High

Ref

na

  Upper middle

1.81 (1.20–2.73)

0.005

  Low and lower middle

2.05 (1.37–3.08)

0.001

Random effects

 Country

  Variance (se)

0.23 (0.08)

 

p value

0.004

 

 Hospital within country

  Variance (se)

0.50 (0.09)

 

p value

< 0.001

 
  1. aTotal fluid balance divided by the length of ICU stay
  2. OR odds ratio, SAPS II Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, ER emergency room, OR operating room, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, NYHA New York Heart Association, HIV human immunodeficiency virus. The percentage of cases correctly classified with this model is 88.6%. The AUC is 91.5% (95% CI 90.7–92.3%)