Variables | OR (95% CI) | p value |
---|---|---|
Fixed effects, varying within clusters | ||
Age | 1.00 (1.00–1.01) | 0.19 |
Sex, male | 0.99 (0.85–1.14) | 0.848 |
SAPS II | 1.05 (1.05–1.06) | < 0.001 |
Type of admission (%) | ||
Surgical | Ref | na |
Medical | 1.53 (1.26–1.86) | < 0.001 |
Trauma | 1.53 (1.14–2.05) | 0.004 |
Other | 1.92 (0.71–5.17) | 0.196 |
Source of admission | ||
OR/recovery | Ref | na |
Other hospital | 1.17 (0.81–1.68) | 0.404 |
ER/ambulance | 1.12 (0.84–1.49) | 0.458 |
Hospital floor | 1.65 (1.26–2.16) | < 0.001 |
Other | 1.20 (0.81–1.80) | 0.366 |
Comorbidities | ||
COPD | 0.98 (0.73–1.31) | 0.877 |
Cancer | 1.41 (1.15–1.74) | 0.001 |
Metastatic cancer | 1.20 (0.86–1.67) | 0.281 |
Hematologic cancer | 1.75 (1.25–2.44) | 0.001 |
Insulin | 0.84 (0.64–1.09) | 0.189 |
Heart failure, NYHA III/IV | 1.54 (1.19–1.99) | 0.001 |
HIV infection | 0.73 (0.27–1.94) | 0.523 |
Cirrhosis | 2.12 (1.45–3.10) | < 0.001 |
Immunosuppression | 1.19 (0.78–1.79) | 0.419 |
Steroid therapy | 1.17 (0.74–1.84) | 0.497 |
Chemotherapy | 0.92 (0.55–1.53) | 0.748 |
Creatinine, highest [mg/dl] | 1.00 (0.97–1.02) | 0.796 |
Daily fluid balancea [l] | 1.37 (1.25–1.50) | < 0.001 |
Procedures during the ICU stay | ||
Mechanical ventilation | 2.66 (2.12–3.34) | < 0.001 |
Renal replacement therapy | 1.51 (1.19–1.91) | 0.001 |
Severity of sepsis | ||
No sepsis | Ref | na |
Sepsis without shock | 0.98 (0.75–1.28) | 0.887 |
Septic shock | 1.55 (1.25–1.92) | < 0.001 |
End-of-life decision | 11.82 (6.70–20.84) | < 0.001 |
Oliguria on admission | 1.14 (0.97–1.34) | 0.103 |
Fixed effects, constant within clusters | ||
Type of hospital | ||
University/academic | Ref | na |
Non-university | 1.16 (0.88–1.52) | 0.293 |
Number of patients admitted to the ICU (in 2011) | ||
750+ | Ref | na |
500–749 | 0.95 (0.76–1.19) | 0.663 |
250–499 | 0.95 (0.68–1.31) | 0.746 |
< 250 | 1.21 (0.77–1.91) | 0.415 |
ICU specialty | ||
Surgical | Ref | na |
Medical | 0.63 (0.38–1.04) | 0.072 |
Mixed | 0.73 (0.54–1.00) | 0.047 |
Others | 0.94 (0.58–1.52) | 0.79 |
Staffed ICU beds | ||
15+ | Ref | na |
< 15 | 1.12 (0.87–1.44) | 0.397 |
Income | ||
High | Ref | na |
Upper middle | 1.81 (1.20–2.73) | 0.005 |
Low and lower middle | 2.05 (1.37–3.08) | 0.001 |
Random effects | ||
Country | ||
Variance (se) | 0.23 (0.08) | |
p value | 0.004 | |
Hospital within country | ||
Variance (se) | 0.50 (0.09) | |
p value | < 0.001 |