Table 1 Baseline characteristics and severity characteristics in 5062 children admitted to intensive care units with sepsis and septic shock compared between children receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and controls (no ECMO)
Characteristic | Variable | Sepsis or septic shock on admission—control group (no ECMO) | Sepsis or septic shock on admission—ECMO group | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
N = 4982 | n = 80 | p valuea | ||
Age | Age (days), median (IQR) | 598.5 (103, 2588) | 463 (44, 2546) | 0.48 |
Age group | Infants (birth to 364 days) | 2671 (53.6%) | 45 (56.3%) | 0.95 |
1–4 years | 915 (18.4%) | 14 (17.5%) | ||
5–9 years | 874 (17.5%) | 14 (17.5%) | ||
10–15 years | 522 (10.5%) | 7 (8.8%) | ||
Indigenous status | Indigenous or Torres Strait Islander | 411 (11.8%) | 4 (6.0%) | 0.14 |
Demographics | % male | 2835 (56.9%) | 49 (61.3%) | 0.44 |
Weight, median (IQR) | 11.1 (5.2, 23.0) | 10.55 (3.85, 25.0) | 0.79 | |
Interhospital transfer | 1846 (37.1%) | 53 (66.3%) | < 0.001 | |
Comorbidities | Congenital heart disease | 288 (5.8%) | 8 (10.0%) | 0.11 |
Immunosuppressionb | 801 (16.1%) | 7 (8.8%) | 0.076 | |
Oncology | 733 (14.7%) | 4 (5.0%) | 0.015 | |
Severity on PICU admissionc | Shock on admission | 2347 (47.1%) | 72 (90.0%) | < 0.001 |
Systolic blood pressure, median (IQR) | 93 (80, 108) | 85 (56, 100) | < 0.001 | |
Lactate, median (IQR) | 3.26 (3.26, 3.26) | 4.95 (3.26, 8.05) | < 0.001 | |
Dilated unresponsive pupils | 45 (0.9%) | 2 (2.5%) | 0.14 | |
Cardiac arrest pre-admission | 61 (1.2%) | 13 (16.3%) | < 0.001 | |
Therapy | Intubated | 2537 (51.2%) | 80 (100.0%) | < 0.001 |
Mechanical ventilation in the first hour | 2049 (41.2%) | 68 (85.0%) | < 0.001 | |
Inotropes during 1st hour | 1053 (30.0%) | 57 (76.0%) | < 0.001 | |
Renal replacement | 200 (4.0%) | 41 (51.2%) | < 0.001 | |
High-frequency oscillation ventilation | 180 (3.6%) | 21 (26.3%) | < 0.001 | |
Inhaled nitric oxide | 130 (2.6%) | 23 (28.7%) | < 0.001 | |
Outcome measures | PIM2, mean (SD) | 0.08 (0.14) | 0.25 (0.29) | < 0.001 |
PIM2, median (IQR) | 0.03 (0.01, 0.07) | 0.13 (0.04, 0.35) | < 0.001 | |
Hospital mortality | 501 (10.9%) | 36 (45.0%) | < 0.001 | |
ICU mortality | 415 (8.3%) | 36 (45.0%) | < 0.001 | |
Mean PICU length of stay (hours), median (IQR) | 56.65 (23.33, 135.77) | 240.28 (59.28, 452.79) | < 0.001 | |
Pathogen | Sum of patients with bacterial diagnosis | 2250 (45.2%) | 49 (61.3%) | 0.004 |
Viral coinfection | 532 (10.7%) | 10 (12.5%) | 0.60 | |
No bacterial, fungal, or viral organism identified | 2367 (47.5%) | 25 (31.3%) | 0.004 | |