Table 1 Demographic and baseline clinical parameters
Variables* | All patients without AKI on admission (n = 2525) | New AKI in the ICU (n = 840) | No new AKI in the ICU (n = 1685) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographics | ||||
Age | 62 [48, 74] | 64 [51, 74] | 61 [43, 72] | 0.02 |
Male sex | 1498 (59.3) | 519 (62.0) | 979 (58.0) | 0.06 |
BMI | 24.2 [23, 28.1] | 25.4 [23.5, 30.0] | 24.2 [22.9, 29.0] | <0.001 |
Body weight [kg] | 70 [63, 81] | 73 [65, 89] | 70 [60, 78] | < 0.001 |
Parameters on the day of ICU admission | ||||
Medical admission | 2012 (80) | 677 (81) | 1335 (79) | 0.69 |
Elective surgical admission | 367 (15) | 113 (14) | 254 (16) | |
Emergency surgical admission | 146 (5) | 50 (6) | 96 (6) | |
Lowest MAP [mmHg] | 59 [53, 64] | 56 [51, 61] | 59 [55, 62] | 0.01 |
SOFA score | 5 [3, 7] | 5 [3, 8] | 4 [3, 7] | <0.001 |
CVP [mmHg] | 12 [8, 17] | 13 [9, 18] | 11 [7, 16] | <0.001 |
Comorbidities | ||||
Baseline serum creatinine [μmol/L) | 83 [63, 113] | 100 [75, 140] | 81 [60, 117] | <0.001 |
Chronic kidney disease | 228 (9.0) | 111 (13.3) | 117 (6.9) | <0.001 |
Chronic lung disease | 715 (28.3) | 246 (29.4) | 469 (27.8) | 0.40 |
Chronic liver disease | 1645 (65.1) | 553 (66.1) | 1092 (67.1) | 0.51 |
Cardiovascular disease | 545 (21.6) | 222 (26.5) | 343 (20.3) | <0.001 |
Congestive heart failure | 200 (8.0) | 80 (9.6) | 120 (7.1) | 0.04 |
Diabetes mellitus | 517 (20.5) | 197 (23.5) | 320 (19.0) | 0.01 |
Cerebrovascular disease | 206 (8.2) | 73 (8.7) | 133 (7.9) | 0.49 |
Cancer | 730 (28.9) | 218 (26.0) | 512 (30.3) | 0.03 |
Primary diagnostic code for ICU admission | ||||
Respiratory | 899 (35.6) | 298 (35.6) | 601 (35.6) | 1.00 |
Neurologic | 179 (7.1) | 61 (7.3) | 118 (7.0) | 0.81 |
Post-surgery | 429 (17.0) | 132 (15.8) | 297 (17.6) | 0.26 |
Cardiovascular | 391 (15.4) | 145 (17.3) | 246 (14.6) | 0.08 |
Gastrointestinal | 183 (7.2) | 59 (7.0) | 124 (7.3) | 0.81 |
Urinary | 57 (2.3) | 14 (1.7) | 43 (2.5) | 0.20 |
Sepsis | 210 (8.3) | 84 (10.0) | 126 (7.5) | 0.03 |
Other | 339 (13.4) | 109 (13.0) | 230 (13.6) | 0.71 |
Organ support from ICU admission to the day of AKI or day 3 | ||||
Mechanical ventilation | 1444 (57.2) | 512 (61.2) | 932 (55.2) | 0.04 |
ECMO | 130 (5.1) | 61 (7.3) | 69 (4.1) | 0.01 |
IABP | 62 (2.5) | 31 (3.7) | 31 (1.8) | 0.01 |
Surgery | 101 (4.0) | 35 (4.2) | 66 (3.9) | 0.75 |
Epinephrine | 27 (1.1) | 13 (1.6) | 14 (0.8) | 0.10 |
Norepinephrine | 1050 (41.6) | 427 (50.8) | 627 (37.1) | <0.001 |
Vasopressin | 9 (0.4) | 5 (0.6) | 4 (0.2) | 0.17 |
Time (in the first 7 days) spent on inotropic and vasoactive medications | ||||
Number of days on at least 1 inotrope or vasopressor | 0 [0, 0] | 1 [0, 3] | 0 [0, 2] | < 0.001 |
0 days | 1405 (56) | 382 (45) | 1023 (61) | |
1–3 days | 725 (29) | 252 (30) | 473 (28) | |
4 or more days | 395 (16) | 206 (25) | 189 (11) | |
Number of days on > 1 inotrope or vasopressor | 0 [0, 0] | 0 [0, 0] | 0 [0, 0] | < 0.001 |
0 days | 2324 (92) | 737 (88) | 1587 (94) | |
1–3 days | 178 (7) | 87 (10) | 91 (5) | |
4 or more days | 23 (1) | 16 (2) | 7 (0) | |
Number of days on at least 1 vasopressor | 0 [0, 0] | 1 [0, 3] | 0 [0, 2] | < 0.001 |
0 days | 1428 (57) | 386 (46) | 1042 (62) | |
1–3 days | 718 (28) | 251 (30) | 467 (28) | |
4 or more days | 379 (15) | 203 (24) | 176 (11) | |
Number of days on > 1 vasopressor | 0 [0, 0] | 0 [0, 0] | 0 [0, 0] | 0.001 |
0 days | 2502 (99) | 825 (98) | 1677 (99) | |
1–3 days | 23 (1) | 15 (2) | 8 (1) | |
4 or more days | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Potentially nephrotoxic exposures | ||||
Vancomycin | 240 (9.5) | 82 (9.8) | 158 (9.4) | 0.72 |
Diuretic | 1185 (46.9) | 381 (45.5) | 804 (47.6) | 0.33 |
Aminoglycosides | 899 (35.6) | 291 (34.8) | 608 (36.0) | 0.57 |
ACE-I/ARB | 180 (7.1) | 67 (8.0) | 113 (6.7) | 0.25 |
Contrast | 252 (10.0) | 88 (10.5) | 164 (9.7) | 0.53 |
Chemotherapy | 42 (1.7) | 11 (1.3) | 31 (1.8) | 0.88 |
Antiretroviral drugs | 40 (1.6) | 11 (1.3) | 30 (1.8) | 0.41 |
NSAID | 51 (2.0) | 8 (1.0) | 43 (2.5) | 0.01 |
Fluid balance on the day of AKI/day 3 | ||||
Cumulative FB in ml | 1389 (3455) | 2148.4 (3667.5) | 1002 (3276) | <0.001 |
% of fluid balance in % BW | 1.66 [−0.7, 4.3] | 3.98 [1.2, 6.9] | 2.29 [−0.07, 5.14] | <0.001 |
Outcomes | ||||
ICU stay (days) | 13 [9, 21] | 9 [5, 17] | < 0.01 | |
Hospital stay (days) | 31 [19, 56] | 22 [12, 43] | 0.94 | |
ICU mortality (%) | 175 (20.9) | 94 (5.6) | < 0.01 | |
Hospital mortality (%) | 273 (35.4) | 243 (15.4) | < 0.01 | |