Table 1 Baseline characteristics (n = 48)

Male sex

31 (65)

Age (years, mean ± SD)

70.4 ± 8.1

Decompensated CHF

31 (65)

De novo AHF

17 (35)

Ischemic cardiomyopathy

31 (65)

Dilated cardiomyopathy

7 (15)

Acute myocardial infarction

15 (31)

Severe mitral regurgitation

19 (40)

Left ventricular ejection fraction (%, mean ± SD)

28 ± 10

Mechanical ventilation

17 (35)

Inotropes (dobutamine, milrinone)

41 (85)

Vasopressors (norepinphrine, vasopressin)

35 (73)

Heart rate (beats/min, mean ± SD)

92.7 ± 11.7

Mean arterial pressure (mmHg, mean ± SD)

74.0 ± 5.2

Cardiac output (L/min, mean ± SD)

6.0 ± 1.2

Stroke volume (mL, mean ± SD)

65.5 ± 10.1

Systemic vascular resistance (dyn·s/cm⁵, mean ± SD)

891.5 ± 236.3