Fig. 6

3-HB supplementation enhanced markers of muscle regeneration. Markers related to muscle regeneration were evaluated in lean (Ln) parenterally fed septic mice, supplemented with either 3-hydroxybutyrate (PN+3-HB) or glucose (PN+gluc) for 5 days. a Muscle PAX+ satellite cell staining and quantification of number of PAX+ cells per area. Arrow indicates PAX+ cells. Scale bar is 25 μm. b Relative muscular mRNA expression of genes involved in muscle regeneration, c genes encoding acetylcholine receptor subunits, d the beta-actin encoding gene, and e HDAC class II encoding genes and downstream targets. Gene expression data are normalized to Rn18s and presented relative to the mean of Ln healthy controls (Ctrl). All panels: Ln Ctrl n = 15; Ln Sepsis: PN+gluc n = 17, PN+3-HB n = 17. Data are means ± SEM. p values determined through Wilcoxon or Student’s t test [Wilcoxon p values: a p = 0.6, b Myod1 p = 0.03, Myf5 p = 0.01, Mstn p = 0.0002, Myog p < 0.0001, c Chrna1 p = 0.01, Chrng p < 0.0001, Chrne p < 0.0001, d p = 0.0002, e Hdac4 p = 0.01, Mef2c p = 0.0004; ANOVA p values: b Pcna p < 0.0001, e Hdac5 p = 0.05]. § p ≤ 0.05, §§ p ≤ 0.01, §§§ p ≤ 0.001 between Ctrl and Sepsis and * p ≤ 0.05, ** p ≤ 0.01, ***p ≤ 0.001 between Sepsis groups