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Table 1 Characteristics of included studies

From: Prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in adult critical care survivors: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Reference

Study period

Location

Type of ICU

No. of patients

Age, mean ± SD

Male sex, n (%)

PTSD prevalence, n (%)

Instrument of assessment

Time of assessment

Abraham et al. [19]

Not reported

USA

Trauma ICU

115

42.4 ± 16.7

64 (55.7%)

30 (26%)

DTS

1 year after hospital discharge

Aitken et al. [20]

May 2014–April 2015

Australia

Not reported

57

53.7 ± 14.8

37 (65%)

7 (12.3%)

PCL-5

3–5 months after ICU discharge

Asimakopoulou and Madianos [21]

March 2009–June 2011

Greece

General hospitals

102

45.98 ± 15.17

65 (63.7%)

18 (17.6%)

Mini DSM-IV

3 months after ICU discharge

Bashar et al. [22]

2018

Iran

Mixed ICU

181

65

60 (33%)

181 (100%)

IES-R

3–21 days after ICU discharge

Bienvenu et al. [6]

October 2004–October 2007

USA

Mixed ICU

151 (3 months)

49 ± 14

123 (55%)

36 (23.8%)

IES-R

3, 6, 12, and 24 months after ICU admission

161 (6 months)

32 (19.8%)

141 (12 months)

32 (22.7%)

135 (24 months)

32 (23.7%)

Boer et al. [23]

December 2001–February 2005

Netherlands

Surgical ICU

108

66.8 (57–73)*

41 (38%)

41 (38%)

PTSS-10 and IES-R

1 year after ICU admission

Bugedo et al. [24]

April 2006–January 2007

Chile

Not reported

75

59.5

Not reported

20 (26.66%)

PTSS-10

1 year after ICU admission

Castillo et al. [25]

September 2012–February 2013

Australia

Mixed ICU

101 (3 months)

54 ± 15

98 (70%)

19 (18.8%)

PTSS-10

3 and 6 months after ICU discharge

92 (6 months)

15 (16.3%)

Chahraoui et al. [26]

January–June 2013

France

Medical ICU

20

68 ± 8.5

9 (45%)

3 (15%)

IES-R

3 months after ICU discharge

Cox et al. [27]

2009–2010

USA

Mixed ICU

21

56 (47–74)*

9 (43%)

12 (57.1%)

PTSS-10

6 weeks after hospital discharge

Cuthbertson et al. [28]

Not reported

Scotland

Mixed ICU

78

58 (18–87)*

44 (56%)

11 (14.1%)

DSM-IV

3 months after ICU discharge

Da Costa et al. [29]

September 2008–August 2009

Brazil

Medical ICU

138

43.5 (17)

95 (68.8%)

7 (5%)

IES-R

3 months after ICU discharge

Davydow et al. [30]

Not reported

Not reported

Trauma ICU

1456

40.8 (32.0)*

Not reported

364 (25%)

PCL-17

12 months after ICU discharge

Davydow et al. [31]

September 2010–August 2011

USA

Mixed ICU

131 (3 months)

49.0 ± 14.6

69 (57.5%)

20 (15.2%)

PCL-C

3 and 12 months after ICU discharge

120 (12 months)

18 (15%)

de Miranda et al. [32]

Not reported

France

Not reported

126

67 (57–75)*

Not reported

26 (20.6%)

IES-R

3 months after ICU discharge

Elliott et al. [33]

Not reported

Australia

Not reported

178

57.20 ± 17.20

116 (65%)

24 (13.5%)

PCL-S

6 months after hospital discharge

Girard et al. [34]

February–May 2001

USA

Medical and cardiac ICU

43

52 (39–65)*

20 (47%)

6 (13.9%)

PTSS-10

6 months after hospital discharge

Granja et al. [35]

January–June 2015

Portugal

Not reported

313

59 (44–71)*

183 (58%)

54 (17.2%)

PTSS-14

6 months after ICU discharge

Griffiths et al. [36]

January 2000–December 2002

England

Not reported

108

56.9

Not reported

56 (54.7%)

PTSS-10

3 months after ICU discharge

Günther et al. [37]

December 2015–March 2016

Sweden

Mixed ICU

30

62 ± 15

18 (60%)

4 (13.3%)

PTSS-10

1 week after ICU discharge

Hauer et al. [38]

Not reported

Germany

Not reported

33

40.3 ± 12.5

16 (48%)

9 (27.3%)

PTSS-10

7.5 ± 2.9 years after ICU discharge

Hauer et al. [39]

July 2004–July 2005

Germany

Cardiac ICU

126

66 ± 9.5

Not reported

15 (11.9%)

PTSS-10

6 months after ICU admission

Hepp et al. [40]

January 1996–June 2000

Sweden

Trauma ICU

90

38.9 ± 13.2

69 (77%)

32 (36%)

CAPS

Up to 3 years after ICU admission

Huang et al. [41]

Not reported

Not reported

Medical ICU

605 (6 months)

49 ± 15

Not reported

148 (24.5%)

IES-R

6 and 12 months after ICU admission

573 (12 months)

132 (23%)

Jackson et al. [3]

March 2007–June 2010

USA

Medical or surgical ICU

467 (3 months)

59 (49–69)*

234 (50%)

27 (5.8%)

PCL-S

3 and 12 months after hospital discharge

467 (12 months)

59 (49–69)*

24 (5.1%)

Jones et al. [42]

2003–2005

England

Mixed ICU

238

61 (17–86)*

149 (62%)

22 (9.2%)

PTSS-14

3 months after ICU discharge

Jones et al. [43]

2006–2008

Europe

Not reported

332

59.9

210 (63.2%)

29 (8.7%)

TSQ

3 months after ICU discharge

Jónasdóttir et al. [44]

2017

Iceland

Mixed ICU

143

Not reported

M—88 (61.5%)

12/130 (9%)

(3 months)

IES-R

3, 6, and 12 months after ICU discharge

15/110 (14%)

(6 months)

15/102 (15%)

(12 months)

Jubran et al. [45]

Not reported

USA

Long-term ICU

41

66 (59–72)*

26 (63%)

5 (12.2%)

PTSS-10

3 months after weaning

Kapfhammer et al. [46]

Not reported

Not reported

Not reported

46 (discharge)

36.5 (18.0–50.0)*

Not reported

20 (43.5%)

DSM-IV

At ICU discharge and (average of) 8 years after ICU discharge

Kress et al. [47]

Not reported

USA

Medical ICU

32

48.1

20 (62.5)

6 (18.7)

IES-R

3 months after ICU discharge

Myhren et al. [48]

February 2006–December 2006

Norway

Mixed, medical and cardiac ICU

238

47.9 (15.7)

160 (62.7)

64 (26.8)

IES

4–6 weeks after ICU discharge

Myhren et al. [49]

February 2005–December 2006

Norway

Mixed, medical, and cardiac ICU

180

47.9 (15.7)*

Not reported

48 (26.6%)

IES

12 months after ICU discharge

Nickel et al. [50]

1999–2000

Germany

Medical ICU

41

47.4

Not reported

4 (9.7%)

SCID

3–15 months after ICU discharge (average: 6.2 months)

Richter et al. [51]

Not reported

Germany

Surgical ICU

37

41.7 (17.0)*

28 (76%)

3 (8.1%)

DSM-IV

Mean of 35 (±14) months after ICU discharge

Samuelson et al. [52]

September 2003–March 2005

Sweden

Medical ICU

226

63.3 (13.4)

117 (52%)

19 (8.4%)

IES-R

12 months after ICU discharge

Schellinget al. [53]

Not reported

Germany

Not reported

54

54.2

Not reported

21 (38.8%)

PTSS-10

Not reported

Schelling et al. [54]

Not reported

Germany

Not reported

20

51.8

8 (40%)

8 (40%)

DSM-IV

Median 31 months after ICU discharge

Schnyder et al. [55]

January 1996–June 1997

Switzerland

Trauma ICU

106

37.5 (13.2)

Not reported

5 (4.7%)

DSM-IV

Within 1 month of trauma (median 13.7 days)

Scragg et al. [56]

October 1995–October 1997

England

Medical ICU

80

57.1

42 (52.5%)

12 (15%)

IES

Not reported

Shaw et al. [57]

Not reported

Not reported

Not reported

20

Not reported

Not reported

7 (35%)

IES

Not reported

Strøm et al. [58]

Not reported

Denmark

Mixed, medical and surgical ICU

26

67.0

9 (34.61%)

1 (3.8%)

PTSS-10

2 years after ICU stay

Twigg et al. [59]

December 2000–February 2002

United Kingdom

Medical ICU

44

56.0

20 (45.4%)

10 (22.7%)

PTSS-14

3 months after ICU discharge

Van der Schaaf et al. [60]

June 2004–June 2005

Netherlands

Mixed ICU

255

58.8 (16.6)

166 (69%)

43 (16.8%)

IES

1 year after ICU admission

Wade et al. [61]

November 2008–September 2009

England

Medical ICU

100

57.2 (17.4)

52 (52%)

27 (27%)

PDS

3 months after ICU admission

Wallen et al. [62]

Not reported

Australia

Mixed, medical, surgical and trauma ICU

100

63 (29.8)

68 (68%)

13 (13%)

IES-R

1 month after ICU discharge

Weinert and Sprenkle [63]

2001–2003

USA

Mixed, medical and surgical ICU

80

54.6

Not reported

12 (15%)

PDS

6 months after ICU admission

Wintermann et al. [64]

2017

Germany

Long-term ICU

97

Not reported

73 (75.2%)

29/97 (29.9%)

PTSS-10

3 and 6 months post-transfer (combined result)

  1. CAPS Clinician-Administered Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Scale; DSM-IV Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition; DTS Davidson Trauma Scale; IES Impact of Event Scale; IES-R Impact of Event Scale—revised, PCL-5 Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist—Civilian V5; PCL-17 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist—Civilian V17; PCL-C Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist—Civilian Version; PCL-S Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist—Specific Version; PDS Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale; PTSS-10 Post-Traumatic Stress Syndrome 10-Question Inventory; PTSS-14 Post-Traumatic Stress Syndrome 14-Question Inventory; SCID Structured Clinical Interview; TSQ Trauma Screening Questionnaire
  2. *Median (interquartile range)