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Table 1 Oesophageal pressure measured with high-resolution manometry catheter

From: Detailed measurements of oesophageal pressure during mechanical ventilation with an advanced high-resolution manometry catheter

Mechanically ventilated patients

 Part of oesophagus included

End-expiratory oesophageal pressure

Average pressure

Within-subject standard deviation

Low PEEPa (n=20)

≈ 9 cmH2O

Mean (SD)

Median (min; max)

High PEEPb (n=20)

≈ 17 cmH2O

Mean (SD)

Median (min; max)

Difference

High-low

Mean (SD)

Median (min; max)

95% CI

Low PEEPa (n = 20)

≈ 9 cmH2O

Mean (SD)

Median (min; max)

95% CI

High PEEPb (n = 20)

≈ 17 cmH2O

Mean (SD)

Median (min; max)

95% CI

Difference

High-low

Mean (SD)

Median (min; max)

95% CI

  22 cm of the oesophagus (ESOTOT)

13.4 (3.7)

12.9 (6.4; 20.1)

16.7 (4.2)

16.0 (11.0; 26.0)

3.4 (2.1)

3.3 (− 0.56; 6.1)

2.4; 4.4*

7.2 (2.3)

7.3 (4.3; 12.6)

6.1; 8.3*

6.5 (2.2)

6.0 (2.7; 10.6)

5.4; 7.5*

− 0.8 (1.6)

− 0.8 (− 3.5; 2.2)

− 1.5; − 0.04*

  30–42 cm from the nostril (ESOLOW)

11.8 (5.2)

11.6 (3.1; 23.5)

15.4 (5.2)

15.9 (7.4; 27.5)

3.6 (2.3)

3.8 (− 1.1; 7.6)

2.6; 4.7*

5.0 (2.9)

4.2 (1.8; 15.1)

3.6; 6.3*

4.7 (2.9)

4.4 (1.3; 13.8)

3.4; 6.1*

− 0.23 (1.4)

− 0.32 (− 2.6; 3.9)

− 0.91; 0.44

  Difference

“22 cm” vs. “30–42 cm”

Mean (SD)

Median (min-max)

95% CI

1.6 (2.4)

1.7 (− 3.5; 5.9)

0.42; 2.7*

1.3 (2.2)

1.3 (− 2.9; 5.3)

0.28; 2.3*

 

2.3 (2.8)

2.1 (− 3.3; 7.2)

0.94; 3.6*

1.7 (2.6)

1.0 (− 3.1; 7.7)

0.50; 2.9*

 

 Part of oesophagus included

Tidal change in oesophageal pressure

Average pressure

Within-subject standard deviation

VT 1c (n = 20)

≈ 6 ml/kg

Mean (SD)

Median (min; max)

VT 3d (n = 19)

≈ 12 ml/kg

Mean (SD)

Median (min; max)

Difference

VT 3–VT 1

Mean (SD)

Median (min; max)

95% CI

VT1c (n = 20)

≈ 6 ml/kg

Mean (SD)

Median (min; max)

95% CI

VT 3d (n = 19)

≈ 12 ml/kg

Mean (SD)

Median (min; max)

95% CI

Difference

VT 3–VT 1

Mean (SD)

Median (min; max)

95% CI

  22 cm of oesophagus (ESOTOT)

2.4 (1.3)

2.3 (0.2; 5.7)

4.1 (1.6)

4.3 (0.7; 6.6)

1.8 (0.92)

1.9 (0.36; 4.1)

1.4; 2.2*

2.2 (1.0)

2.0 (0.8; 4.4)

1.7; 2.6*

3.7 (1.6)

3.9 (1.2; 6.2)

2.9; 4.5*

1.5 (1.1)

1.1 (− 0.24; 4.1)

0.94; 2.0*

  30–42 cm from the nostril (ESOLOW)

2.5 (1.9)

2.5 (− 2.1; 7.3)

4.1 (2.3)

4.4 (− 1.0; 8.4)

1.7 (1.4)

1.9 (− 1.1; 5.6)

1.0; 2.3*

2.0 (1.2)

1.7 (0.8; 4.9)

1.4; 2.5*

4.5 (1.0)

4.4 (2.3; 6.6)

4.0; 4.9*

2.5 (1.3)

2.7 (− 0.48; 4.7)

1.9; 3.1*

  Difference

“22 cm” vs. “30–42 cm”

Mean (SD)

Median (min; max)

95% CI

− 0.12 (0.87)

− 0.08 (− 1.6; 2.6)

− 0.53; 0.29

0.01 (1.2)

− 0.16 (− 2.5; 3.7)

− 0.60; 0.59

 

0.20 (0.64)

0.19 (− 1.1; 1.4)

− 0.10; 0.51

− 0.81 (1.8)

− 0.53 (− 3.3; 2.9)

− 1.7; 0.04

 

Spontaneously breathing patients

 Part of oesophagus included

End-expiratory oesophageal pressure

Average pressure

Within-subject standard deviation

Sitting (n = 17)

Mean (SD)

Median (min; max)

Supine (n = 17)

Mean (SD)

Median (min; max)

Difference

Supine vs. sitting

Mean (SD)

Median (min; max)

95% CI

Sitting (n = 17)

Mean (SD)

Median (min; max)

95% CI

Supine (n = 17)

Mean (SD)

Median (min; max)

95% CI

Difference

Supine vs. sitting

Mean (SD)

Median (min; max)

95% CI

  24–46 cm from the nostrile (ESOTOT)

3.3 (6.2)

1.7 (− 4.5; 21.2)

15.6 (7.2)

15.6 (− 0.5; 28.1)

12.3 (7.1)

10.3 (2.2; 25.7)

8.6; 15.9*

5.4 (2.2)

5.4 (2.0; 8.9)

4.2; 6.5*

7.5 (3.5)

6.7 (1.7; 13.8)

5.7; 9.4*

2.2 (3.5)

2.3 (− 4.2; 8.0)

0.37; 4.0*

  30–42 cm from the nostril (ESOLOW)

2.8 (7.0)

1.4 (− 5.0; 24.8)

16.3 (8.3)

16.3 (− 0.2; 29.8)

13.5 (8.5)

11.9 (− 1.0; 29.9)

9.2; 17.9*

3.4 (1.9)

3.2 (0.6; 8.0)

2.4; 4.3*

5.7 (3.0)

5.2 (1.5; 12.8)

4.2; 7.3*

2.4 (3.6)

2.3 (− 3.8; 11.2)

0.48; 4.2*

  Difference

“24–46 cm” vs. “30–42 cm”

Mean (SD)

Median (min-max)

95% CI

0.52 (1.6)

0.59 (− 3.6; 2.4)

− 0.31; 1.3

− 0.76 (2.4)

− 1.1 (− 4.7; 4.8)

− 2.0; 0.49

 

2.0 (1.6)

1.4 (− 0.04; 5.7)

1.2; 2.8*

1.8 (2.5)

1.0 (− 1.2; 6.5)

0.54; 3.1*

 

 Part of the oesophagus included

Tidal change in oesophageal pressure

Average change in pressure

Within-subject standard deviation

Sitting (n = 17)

Mean (SD)

Median (min; max)

Supine (n = 17)

Mean (SD)

Median (min; max)

Difference

Supine vs. sitting

Mean (SD)

Median (min; max)

95% CI

Sitting (n = 17)

Mean (SD)

Median (min; max)

95% CI

Supine (n = 17)

Mean (SD)

Median (min; max)

95% CI

Differences

Supine vs. sitting

Mean (SD)

Median (min; max)

95% CI

  24–46 cm from the nostrile (ESOTOT)

6.3 (2.4)

5.6 (2.3; 10.6)

4.9 (3.1)

4.3 (− 1.2; 9.6)

− 1.4 (4.0)

− 1.0 (− 7.1; 4.7)

− 3.5; 0.63

4.9 (4.8)

2.7 (0.7; 18.1)

2.4; 7.4*

4.8 (2.6)

4.5 (0.4; 9.6)

3.4; 6.1*

− 0.13 (3.8)

0.76 (− 12.2; 4.3)

− 2.1; 1.8

  30–42 cm from the nostril (ESOLOW)

7.9 (3.2)

7.9 (2.7–13.2)

5.0 (3.3)

5.2 (− 2.2; 10.7)

− 2.8 (4.6)

− 1.6 (− 11.2; 4.2)

− 5.2; − 0.46*

2.0 (2.3)

1.2 (0.3; 7.8)

0.9; 3.2*

3.7 (3.2)

2.8 (0.4; 9.3)

2,1; 5,3*

1.7 (4.0)

1.4 (− 7.3; 7.9)

− 0.37; 3.7

  Difference

“24–46 cm” vs. “30–42 cm”

Mean (SD)

Median (min-max)

95% CI

− 1.5 (2.0)

− 0.54 (− 5.7; 1.0)

− 2.6; − 0.51*

− 0.16 (1.5)

− 0.06 (− 3.1; 2.4)

− 0.92; 0.60

 

2.9 (4.7)

1.3 (− 0.53; 17.1)

0.49; 5.3*

1.1 (2.0)

0.88 (− 2.1; 5.1)

0.08; 2.1*

 
  1. *Confidence interval separated from 0
  2. aLow PEEP (PEEP closest to 10 cmH2O, mean 9.2 (1.4) cmH2O)
  3. bHigh PEEP (Highest PEEP, mean 17.0 (2.0) cmH2O)
  4. cVT 1 = tidal volumes 6.5 (1.2) ml/kg IBW
  5. dVT 3 = tidal volumes 12.0 (3.6) ml/kg IBW
  6. eProximal and distal high pressures (> 50 cmH2O) excluded, see text
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Critical Care

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