Fig. 8

Flagellin treatment improved human monocyte/macrophage bacterial phagocytosis and killing. a Monocytes from healthy donors (n = 9) and patients who died of sepsis (n = 9) were infected with E. coli (multiplicity of infection, 10), and phagocytosis function was assessed. ***p < 0.001 when compared between groups (denoted by the horizontal bracket; Mann–Whitney U test). b Monocytes from healthy donors (n = 9) and patients who died of sepsis (n = 9) were pretreated with flagellin (100 ng/ml) in the presence or absence of anti-TLR5 antibodies (1 μg/ml) or TLR5 Fc Chimera (1 μg/ml) for 24 h, and then infected with E. coli (multiplicity of infection, 10). At the indicated times, phagocytosis function was assessed as described. *p < 0.05 when compared between groups (denoted by the horizontal bracket; Mann–Whitney U test). c Monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) from healthy donors (n = 9) and patients who died of sepsis (n = 9) were infected with E. coli (multiplicity of infection, 10), and bacterial killing function was assessed. *p < 0.05 when compared between groups (denoted by the horizontal bracket; Mann–Whitney U test). d Monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) from healthy donors (n = 9) and patients who died of sepsis (n = 9) were pretreated with flagellin (100 ng/ml) in the presence or absence of anti-TLR5 antibodies (1 μg/ml) or TLR5 Fc Chimera (1 μg/ml) for 24 h, and then infected with E. coli (multiplicity of infection, 10). At the indicated times, the bacterial killing function was assessed as described. *p < 0.05 when compared between groups (denoted by the horizontal bracket; Mann–Whitney U test)