Table 1 Main resistance mechanisms in Gram-negative pathogens
From: Multidrug Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria in Community-Acquired Pneumonia
Microorganism | Mechanism |
|---|---|
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Efflux pumps |
Mutant topoisomerases | |
Modifying enzymes | |
AmpC/porin reduction combinations | |
Metallo-b-lactamases | |
Outer membrane permeability | |
Extended spectrum β-lactamases | |
Acinetobacter baumannii | β-lactamases |
Efflux pumps | |
Membrane permeability | |
Aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes | |
Alteration of target sites | |
Klebsiella pneumoniae | Modifying enzyme |
Efflux pumps | |
Mutant topoisomerases | |
Extended spectrum β-lactamases | |
Carbapenemases | |
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia | β-lactamases (L1 and L2) |
Multidrug efflux pumps | |
Antibiotic-modifying enzymes | |
Mutations of bacterial topoisomerase and gyrase genes | |
Reduction in outer membrane permeability |