Parameter
|
Class I
|
Class II (mild)
|
Class III (moderate)
|
Class IV (severe)
|
---|
Approximate blood loss
|
< 15%
|
15–30%
|
31–40%
|
> 40%
|
Heart rate
|
↔
|
↔ / ↑
|
↑
|
↑ / ↑↑
|
Blood pressure
|
↔
|
↔
|
↔ / ↓
|
↓
|
Pulse pressure
|
↔
|
↓
|
↓
|
↓
|
Respiratory rate
|
↔
|
↔
|
↔ / ↑
|
↑
|
Urine output
|
↔
|
↔
|
↓
|
↓↓
|
Glasgow Coma Scale score
|
↔
|
↔
|
↓
|
↓
|
Base deficit*
|
0 to − 2 mEq/L
|
– 2 to −6 mEq/L
|
– 6 to −10 mEq/L
|
– 10 mEq/L or less
|
Need for blood products
|
Monitor
|
Possible
|
Yes
|
Massive transfusion protocol
|
- *Base excess is the quantity of base (HCO3−, in mEq/L) that is above or below the normal range in the body. A negative number is called a base deficit and indicates metabolic acidosis
- Original data from Mutschler et al. [117]