Table 2 Derivation cohort characteristics with regards to 28-day mortality
Patient characteristics | Total patient cohort (N = 1175) | Survivors (N = 1091) | Non-survivors (N = 84) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographics | ||||
 Age (years) (mean, SD) | 63.3 (20.9) | 62.0 (20.9) | 79.7 (11.6) | < 0.001 |
 Male gender (N, %) | 592 (50.4%) | 543 (49.8%) | 49 (58.3%) | 0.130 |
Disposition | ||||
 Hospital admission (N, %) | 915 (77.9%) | 831 (76.2%) | 84 (100.0%) | < 0.001 |
 Hospital length of stay (days) (median, Q1–Q3) | 4 [1–9] | 4 [1–9] | 11 [5–17] | < 0.001 |
 ICU admission (N, %) | 32 (2.7%) | 18 (1.6%) | 14 (16.7%) | < 0.001 |
Comorbidities | ||||
 Cardiovascular disease (N, %) | 363 (30.9%) | 316 (29.0%) | 47 (56.0%) | < 0.001 |
 Diabetes (N, %) | 216 (18.4%) | 196 (18.0%) | 20 (23.8%) | 0.183 |
 Immunodeficiency (N, %) | 64 (5.4%) | 56 (5.1%) | 8 (9.5%) | 0.088 |
 Liver disease (N, %) | 31 (2.6%) | 28 (2.6%) | 3 (3.6%) | 0.580 |
 Malignancy (N, %) | 228 (19.4%) | 198 (18.1%) | 30 (35.7%) | < 0.001 |
 Neurological disorders (N, %) | 135 (11.5%) | 116 (10.6%) | 19 (22.6%) | < 0.001 |
 Respiratory disease (N, %) | 378 (32.2%) | 344 (31.5%) | 34 (40.5%) | 0.091 |
 Renal disease (N, %) | 82 (7.0%) | 68 (6.2%) | 14 (16.7%) | < 0.001 |
Infectious source | ||||
 Bone and Joint (N, %) | 13 (1.1%) | 13 (1.2%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.315 |
 Cardiac (N, %) | 6 (0.5%) | 5 (0.5%) | 1 (1.2%) | 0.364 |
 Central nervous system (N, %) | 13 (1.1%) | 10 (0.9%) | 3 (3.6%) | 0.025 |
 Fever of unknown origin (N, %) | 98 (8.3%) | 87 (8.0%) | 11 (13.1%) | 0.100 |
 Foreign object (N, %) | 5 (0.4%) | 4 (0.4%) | 1 (1.2%) | 0.264 |
 Intra-abdominal (N, %) | 158 (13.4%) | 153 (14.0%) | 5 (6.0%) | 0.007 |
 Respiratory—lower (N, %) | 413 (35.1%) | 369 (33.8%) | 44 (52.4%) | < 0.001 |
 Respiratory—upper (N, %) | 85 (7.2%) | 85 (7.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.008 |
 Skin and soft tissue (N, %) | 96 (8.2%) | 89 (8.2%) | 7 (8.3%) | 0.901 |
 Surgical-related (N, %) | 10 (0.9%) | 10 (0.9%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.379 |
 Urogenital (N, %) | 278 (23.7%) | 266 (24.4%) | 12 (14.3%) | 0.041 |
Microbiological findings | ||||
 Blood cultures taken (N, %) | 888 (75.6%) | 823 (75.4%) | 65 (77.4%) | 0.689 |
 Positive blood cultures (N, %) | 227 (19.3%) | 205 (18.8%) | 22 (26.2%) | 0.099 |
 Gram-positive bacteria (N, %) | 120 (10.2%) | 108 (9.9%) | 12 (14.3%) | 0.201 |
 Gram-negative bacteria (N, %) | 179 (15.2%) | 166 (15.2%) | 13 (15.5%) | 0.949 |
 Fungal cultures (N, %) | 9 (0.8%) | 8 (0.7%) | 1 (1.2%) | 0.643 |
 Viral PCR (N, %) | 40 (3.4%) | 39 (3.6%) | 1 (1.2%) | 0.246 |
 Other (N, %) | 9 (0.8%) | 8 (0.7%) | 1 (1.2%) | 0.830 |
Biomarkers and clinical scores | ||||
 MR-proADM (nmol/L) (median, Q1–Q3) | 1.09 [0.69–1.71] | 1.02 [0.67–1.59] | 2.65 [1.81–4.67] | < 0.001 |
 PCT (ng/mL) (median, Q1–Q3) | 0.17 [0.07–0.77] | 0.16 [0.07–0.61] | 0.94 [0.23–3.12] | < 0.001 |
 Lactate (mmol/L) (median, Q1–Q3) | 1.60 [1.14–2.30] | 1.55 [1.10–2.23] | 2.40 [1.50–3.50] | < 0.001 |
 CRP (mg/L) (median, Q1–Q3) | 32 [10–120] | 30 [10–112] | 102 [28–178] | < 0.001 |
 SIRS (points) (median, Q1–Q3) | 2 [1–3] | 2 [1–3] | 3 [2–3] | < 0.001 |
 SOFA (points) (median, Q1–Q3) | 2 [0–3] | 1 [0–3] | 4 [2–6] | < 0.001 |
 qSOFA (points) (median, Q1–Q3) | 0 [0–1] | 0 [0–1] | 1 [1–2] | < 0.001 |
 NEWS (points) (median, Q1–Q3) | 4 [2–7] | 4 [2–7] | 8 [5–10] | < 0.001 |
 CRB-65 (points) (median, Q1–Q3) | 1 [0–2] | 1 [0–1] | 2 [1–2] | < 0.001 |