Table 2 Summary of the largest original investigations on long-term risk of mortality or ESRD in adult patients who experienced AKI
From: The aftermath of acute kidney injury: a narrative review of long-term mortality and renal function
Author | Setting | Population | Number | Follow-up | AKI definition | Adjusted risk | Comments | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A. Long-term risk of mortality | ||||||||
 Bihorac et al. [33] | ICU (surgical) | Hospital survivors | 10,518 | Max 14 years | RIFLE criteria | R I F | HR (95% CI) = 1.18 (1.08–1.29) HR (95% CI) = 1.43 (1.29–1.59) HR (95% CI) = 1.57 (1.40–1.75) | – |
 Coca et al. [34] | Noncardiac surgery | Hospital survivors | 35,302 | Mean 3.7 years | AKIN criteria | I II III | HR (95% CI) = 1.24 (1.17–1.31) HR (95% CI) = 1.64 (1.43–1.88) HR (95% CI) = 1.96 (1.63–2.37) | Only diabetic veterans included. |
 Fuchs et al. [35] | ICU (overall) | 60-day survivors | 12,399 | Max 2.0 years | AKIN criteria | I II III | HR (95% CI) = 1.26 (1.14–1.40) HR (95% CI) = 1.28 (1.11–1.47) HR (95% CI) = 1.61 (1.30–1.99) | – |
 Ishani et al. [36] | Overall hospitalization | Hospital survivors | 233,803 | Max 2.3 years | ICD-9 code | AKI | HR (95% CI) = 2.38 (2.31–2.46) | Only elderly patients ≥ 67 years of age included. |
 James et al. [37] | Coronary angiography | All patients | 14,782 | Median 1.6 years | AKIN criteria | I II/III | HR (95% CI) = 2.00 (1.69–2.36) HR (95% CI) = 3.72 (2.92–4.76) | – |
 Lafrance et al. [38] | Overall hospitalization | 90-day survivors | 864,933 | Mean 2.3 years | AKIN criteria | I II III | HR (95% CI) = 1.36 (1.34–1.38) HR (95% CI) = 1.46 (1.42–1.50) HR (95% CI) = 1.59 (1.54–1.65) | Only veterans included. AKI requiring RRT excluded. |
 Liotta et al. [39] | CABG | All patients | 25,665 | Mean 6.0 years | Mild ΔSCr 0.0–0.3 mg/dl Moderate ΔSCr 0.3–0.5 mg/dl Severe ΔSCr ≥ 5.0 md/dl | Mild Moderate Severe | HR (95% CI) = 1.07 (1.00–1.15) HR (95% CI) = 1.33 (1.19–1.48) HR (95% CI) = 2.11 (1.92–2.32) | – |
 Parikh et al. [40] | AMI | Hospital survivors | 147,007 | Max 10.0 years | Mild ΔSCr 0.3–0.4 mg/dl Moderate ΔSCr 0.5–0.9 mg/dl Severe ΔSCr ≥ 1.0 md/dl | Mild Moderate Severe | HR (95% CI) = 1.15 (1.12–1.18) HR (95% CI) = 1.23 (1.20–1.26) HR (95% CI) = 1.33 (1.28–1.38) | Only elderly patients ≥ 65 years of age included. |
 Rimes-Stigare et al. [41] | ICU (overall) | All patients | 103,363 | Median 2.1 years | Temporary RRT or ICD-10 code or ARF reported in APACHE score or serum creatinine > 354 μmol/L | AKI | MMR (95% CI) = 1.15 (1.09–1.21) | – |
 Ryden et al. [42] | CABG | All patients | 27,929 | Mean 5.0 years | Mild ΔSCr 0.3–0.4 mg/dl Moderate ΔSCr 0.5–0.9 mg/dl Severe ΔSCr ≥ 1.0 md/dl | Mild Moderate Severe | HR (95% CI) = 1.30 (1.17–1.44) HR (95% CI) = 1.65 (1.48–1.83) HR (95% CI) = 2.68 (2.37–3.03) | – |
B. Long-term risk of ESRD | ||||||||
 Ishani et al. [36] | Overall hospitalization | Hospital survivors | 233,803 | Max 2.3 years | ICD-9 code | AKI | HR (95% CI) = 6.74 (5.90–7.71) | Only elderly patients ≥ 67 years of age included. |
 James et al. [37] | Coronary angiography | All patients | 14,782 | Median 1.6 years | AKIN criteria | I II/III | HR (95% CI) = 4.15 (2.32–7.42) HR (95% CI) = 11.74 (6.38–21.59) | – |
 Rimes-Stigare et al. [41] | ICU (overall) | All patients | 103,363 | Median 2.1 years | Temporary RRT or ICD-10 code or ARF reported in APACHE score or serum creatinine > 354 μmol/L | AKI | IRR (95% CI) = 24.1 (13.9–42.0) | – |
 Ryden et al. [61] | CABG | All patients | 29,330 | Mean 4.3 years | AKIN criteria | I II/III | HR (95% CI) = 2.92 (1.87–4.55) HR (95% CI) = 3.81 (2.14–6.79) | – |