Table 1 Documented rates of pharmacodynamic target non-attainment for various piperacillin dosing regimens in ARC patients

Andersen et al. [1]

22 non-critically ill patients

4 g every 8 h

3-min bolus

eCl_Cr > 130 mL/min

N = 4/22 (18%)

In ARC patients, probability of achieving a 100%fT_{> 16 mg/L} was 0%.

Udy et al. [2]

48 critically ill patients

4 g/0,5 g every 6 h

20-min intermittent infusion

6-h mCl_Cr

as continuous variable

Cumulative fraction of response decreased from 40% to less than 5% when Cr_CL values increased from 120 to 300 mL/min.

Carlier et al. [3]

60 critically ill patients

43 treated by PIP

4 g/0,5 g every 6 h

3-h extended infusion

24-h mCl_Cr > 130 mL/min

N = 29/60 (48%)

In ARC patients, probability of achieving a 100%fT_{> 16 mg/L} was 24% [no specific data for PIP].

Carrié et al. [4]

59 critically ill patients

173 PIP plasma samples

16 g/day continuously

160 mg/mL, 12-h infusion

24-h mCl_Cr > 130 mL/min

N = 36/59 (61%)

Probability of achieving a 100%fT_{> 16 mg/L} was 93% for 130 ≤ Cr_CL < 200 mL/min and 80% for Cl_Cr > 200 mL/min.

Dhaese et al. [5]

110 critically ill patients

270 PIP plasma samples

Continuous infusion, dosing regimen based on kidney function (16–24 g/day)

8-h mCl_Cr > 130 mL/min

N = 77/270 (32%)

The fractional target attainment for the standard dosing regimen (16 g/day) decreased from 75 to 37% when Cr_CL increased from 150 to 300 mL/min.