Improvement in the survival rates of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation-supported respiratory failure patients: a multicenter retrospective study in Korean patients

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of patients supported with ECMO for respiratory failure

Variable	Total (n = 487)
Age (years)	58 (45, 66)
Male	321 (65.9)
Body mass index (kg/m²)	22.2 (20.6, 23.2)
APACHE II score	21 (15, 28)
SOFA score	8 (5, 12)
PRESERVE score	5 (4, 6)
RESP score	0 (−2, 2)
Etiology of ARF
Viral pneumonia	47 (9.7)
Bacterial pneumonia	127 (26.1)
COPD and asthma	8 (1.6)
Trauma and burn	25 (5.1)
Asphyxia	13 (2.7)
Acute exacerbation of ILD	61 (12.5)
Chronic respiratory failure	24 (4.9)
ARDS	44 (9.0)
Airway obstruction	28 (5.7)
Other respiratory failure	110 (22.6)
Immunocompromised^a	122 (25.2)
CNS dysfunction^b	24 (5.0)
Vasopressor	301 (63.0)
Corticosteroid	82 (16.8)
Cardiac arrest	74 (15.2)
CRRT	83 (17.0)
Mechanical ventilation	449 (92.2)
Prone positioning	143 (29.5)
Pre-ECMO rescue therapy
Nitric oxide	127 (26.2)
Bicarbonate infusion	53 (11.0)
Neuromuscular blocker	230 (45.4)
Vital signs
MAP (mmHg)	70 (58, 84)
Heart rate (/min)	112 (95, 128)
Respiratory rate (/min)	22 (18, 28)
ECMO type
Veno-venous	429 (88.1)
Veno-arterial	42 (8.6)
Veno-arteriovenous	14 (2.9)
Other	2 (0.4)
Arterial blood gases
pH	7.28 (7.17, 7.38)
PaO₂ (mmHg)	61 (51, 76)
PaCO₂ (mmHg)	51 (39, 65)
HCO₃⁻ (mEq/L)	23 (19, 29)
SaO₂ (%)	88 (79, 93)
Ventilation parameters
PaO₂/FiO₂	65 (53, 90)
FiO₂	100 (90, 100)
PEEP (cmH₂O)	10 (6, 12)
PIP (cmH₂O)	28 (24, 32)
Tidal volume (ml/kg)	7 (6, 9)
Driving pressure (cmH₂O)	18 (15, 24)
Minute ventilation (L/min)	9.6 (7.4, 12.4)
Interval MV–ECMO (days)	1 (0, 5)
ECMO duration (days)	8 (4, 18)
Hospital stay (days)	35 (18, 61)
Tracheostomy	199 (41.8)
Weaning rate	278 (57.1)
Survival rate	189 (38.8)

Values expressed as median (interquartile range) or n (%)
ECMO extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, APACHE Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation, SOFA Sequential Organ Failure Assessment, PRESERVE Predicting Death for Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome on Veno-venous ECMO, RESP Respiratory Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Survival Prediction, ARF acute respiratory failure, ARDS acute respiratory distress syndrome, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, ILD interstitial lung disease, CNS central nervous system, CRRT continuous renal replacement therapy, MAP mean arterial pressure, PaO₂ partial pressure of arterial oxygen, PaCO₂ partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide, HCO₃⁻ bicarbonate, SaO₂ oxygen saturation, FiO₂ fraction of inspired oxygen, PEEP positive end-expiratory pressure, PIP peak inspiratory pressure, MV mechanical ventilation
^a“Immunocompromised” included hematological malignancies, solid tumors, solid-organ transplantation, high-dose or long-term corticosteroid and/or immunosuppressant use, and human immunodeficiency virus infection
^b“CNS dysfunction” included diagnoses of neurotrauma, stroke, encephalopathy, cerebral embolism, seizure, and epileptic syndrome

ISSN: 1364-8535