Table 1 Patient demographics
From: Transfusion requirements after head trauma: a randomized feasibility controlled trial
Characteristics | Total (44) | Liberal (21) | Restrictive (23) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 35 ± 13 | 33 ± 11 | 36 ± 15 | 0.34 |
Male | 40 (81) | 20 (95) | 20 (87) | 0.61 |
GCS at hospital admission | 4 [3–7] | 4 [3–7] | 5 [3–7] | 0.90 |
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 120 ± 24 | 118 ± 20 | 122 ± 28 | 0.64 |
Pulse rate, bpm | 90 ± 25 | 96 ± 28 | 84 ± 20 | 0.10 |
Pupil alteration (one or both) | 20 (46) | 7 (33) | 13 (59) | 0.09 |
Patients transfused RBC before randomization | 24 (55) | 9 (43) | 15 (65) | 0.14 |
RBC units per patient transfused before randomization | 4.4 ± 6.2 | 3.1 ± 5.2 | 5.6 ± 6.9 | 0.24 |
Patients transfused other blood products before randomization | 4 (10) | 0 | 4 (17) | 0.11 |
Brain CT | ||||
Compressed cisterns | 35 (81) | 17 (85) | 18 (78) | 0.70 |
Midline deviation ≥ 5 mm | 26 (59) | 10 (48) | 16 (70) | 0.14 |
Diffuse axonal lesion | 14 (33) | 9 (45) | 5 (22) | 0.10 |
Subarachnoid hemorrhage | 22 (50) | 13 (62) | 9 (39) | 0.13 |
Intracranial hematoma | 35 (80) | 17 (81) | 18 (78) | 0.82 |
Neurosurgical intervention | ||||
None | 11 (25) | 5 (24) | 6 (26) | 0.86 |
Epidural hematoma drainage | 6 (14) | 4 (19) | 2 (9) | 0.40 |
Subdural hematoma drainage | 5 (11) | 1 (5) | 4 (17) | 0.35 |
Intracerebral hemorrhage drainage | 2 (5) | 1 (5) | 1 (4) | 1.00 |
Decompressive craniectomy | 17 (39) | 7 (33) | 10 (44) | 0.49 |
Other | 5 (11) | 3 (14) | 2 (9) | 0.66 |
Associated trauma lesions | ||||
Face | 31 (70) | 16 (76) | 15 (65) | 0.43 |
Neck | 8 (18) | 6 (29) | 2 (9) | 0.13 |
Thorax | 21 (48) | 11 (52) | 10 (44) | 0.55 |
Abdomen | 7 (16) | 2 (10) | 5 (22) | 0.42 |
Pelvis and limbs | 22 (50) | 12 (57) | 10 (44) | 0.36 |
Spine | 5 (11) | 3 (14) | 2 (9) | 0.66 |
Mechanism of injury | 0.66 | |||
Fall | 17 (37) | 7 (33) | 10 (44) | |
Motorcycle crash | 14 (32) | 6 (29) | 8 (35) | |
Run over | 5 (11) | 3 (14) | 2 (9) | |
Physical aggression | 3 (7) | 1 (5) | 2 (9) | |
Car/bus crash | 4 (9) | 3 (14) | 1 (4) | |
Other | 1 (2) | 0 | 0 | |
Pre-hospital transportation | 0.638 | |||
EMS ambulance | 22 (52) | 12 (57) | 10 (44) | |
EMS helicopter | 19 (43) | 8 (38) | 11 (48) | |
Other | 3 (2.4) | 1 (5) | 2 (9) | |
Prognostic scores | ||||
SAPS3 at ICU admission | 56 ± 13 | 55 ± 12 | 57 ± 12 | 0.49 |
CRASH 14-day death risk | 40 ± 18 | 39 ± 18 | 41 ± 19 | 0.82 |
CRASH 6-month unfavorable outcome risk | 70 ± 19 | 70 ± 17 | 70 ± 22 | 0.91 |
Injury severity score | 29 ± 9 | 28 ± 9 | 31 ± 9 | 0.40 |
IMPACT | 49 (15) | 47 (17) | 52 (14) | 0.29 |
Injury-to-randomization time, h | 71 ± 38 | 75 ± 41 | 65 ± 34 | 0.35 |