Prevalence and risk factors for acute kidney injury among trauma patients: a multicenter cohort study

Table 4 Risk factors associated with the occurrence of early AKI stage I or F in a stepwise logistic regression model

Parameter	OR	CI 95%	p value
ISS	1.035	1.021–1.049	< 0.001
Hemorrhagic shock	2.774	1.572–4.895	< 0.001
Lactate	1.093	1.022–1.170	0.004
Maximal prehospital HR	1.008	1.001–1.015	0.019
Minimum prehospital MAP	0.988	0.978–0.998	0.026
Direct transfer to trauma center	0.499	0.276–0.898	0.032
Renal trauma	2.303	0.834–6.361	0.073
Age	1.008	0.997–1.018	0.16
Angio-embolization	1.554	0.839–2.881	0.153
Blunt/penetrating trauma	0.584	0.238–1.429	0.193
Prehospital vasopressor use	0.897	0.500–1.607	0.739
Minimum prehospital SpO₂	1.001	0.986–1.015	0.968
Fibrinogen	1.071	0.823–1.393	0.586
Initial GCS	0.998	0.952–1.047	0.939

Missing values (among which lactate value accounted for 80% of cases) led us to analyze 2345 patients in the model. Characteristics of the 766 patients excluded from the analysis are presented in Additional file 3. Results are given as odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). The Lemeshow test was used (p = 0.10). The AUC of the model = 0.854 (0.820–0.881)
MAP mean arterial pressure, GCS Glasgow Coma Scale, HR heart rate, ISS injury severity score, SpO₂ pulse oximeter oxygen saturation Hosmer Lemeshow Test (p = 0.10)

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