Table 2 Delirium risk after antimicrobial exposure using a logistic regression model with cluster sandwich covariance estimator

  First- to third-generation cephalosporins

2.20

1.28–3.79

0.004

  Fourth-generation cephalosporins

0.97

0.68–1.38

0.867

  Penicillins

1.26

0.98–1.62

0.067

  Carbapenems

1.43

0.97–2.11

0.069

 Fluoroquinolones

0.92

0.69–1.23

0.572

 Macrolides

0.64

0.29–1.43

0.274

 Other antimicrobials^a

1.44

1.15–1.79

< 0.001

Covariates

OR

95% CI

P-value

Age at enrollment

1.50

1.31–1.71

< 0.001

Mechanical ventilation at enrollment

2.03

1.38–3.00

< 0.001

Sepsis at enrollment

1.18

0.93–1.5

0.182

Modified SOFA score, same day

1.04

0.92–1.18

0.494

Charlson Comorbidity Index

1.07

0.91–1.26

0.391

IQCODE score

1.00

0.98–1.03

0.769

Delirium on previous day

11.21

9.41–13.35

< 0.001

ICU type, surgical

1.02

0.82–1.27

0.859

 Daily dose of benzodiazepines, mg^c

1.16

1.06–1.25

< 0.001

 Daily dose of propofol, mg

2.24

1.15–4.37

0.017

 Daily dose of dexmedetomidine, μg

3.90

1.32–11.54

0.014

 Daily dose of opiates, μg^d

1.19

1.03–1.37

0.015

 Typical antipsychotic

1.62

1.15–2.29

0.006

 Atypical antipsychotic

1.35

1.07–1.69

0.012