Table 3 Subgroup analyses of clinical outcomes between the GDFTdyn and standard fluid therapy group

  Non-cardiac

6

0.85

(0.32, 2.24)

0.74

11

0.49

(0.24, 1.00)

0.05

  Cardiac

–

–

–

–

2

0.35

(0.09, 1.36)

0.13

  High

5

0.69

(0.25, 1.93)

0.48

12

0.45

(0.24, 0.85)

0.01*

  Moderate

1

5.25

(0.24, 112.8)

0.29

–

–

–

–

  Fluid

6

0.85

(0.32, 2.24)

0.74

2

0.96

(0.04, 23.99)

0.98

  Fluid+inotropes

–

–

–

–

11

0.42

(0.22, 0.82)

0.01*

  Minimally invasive

5

0.69

(0.25, 1.93)

0.48

13

0.45

(0.24, 0.85)

0.01*

  Non-invasive

1

5.25

(0.24, 112.8)

0.29

–

–

–

–

  Non-cardiac

3

1.03

(0.31, 3.37)

0.97

14

0.4

(0.28, 0.59)

<0.00001*

  Cardiac

–

–

–

–

1

0.4

(0.15, 1.06)

0.07

  High

3

1.03

(0.31, 3.37)

0.97

14

0.4

(0.27, 0.58)

<0.00001*

  Moderate

–

–

–

–

1

0.51

(0.18, 1.42)

0.2

  Fluid

3

1.03

(0.31, 3.37)

0.97

3

0.6

(0.30, 1.20)

0.15

  Fluid+inotropes

–

–

–

–

12

0.37

(0.25, 0.55)

<0.00001*

  Minimally invasive

3

1.03

(0.31, 3.37)

0.97

14

0.4

(0.27, 0.58)

<0.00001*

  Non-invasive

–

–

–

–

1

0.51

(0.17, 1.58)

0.24

  Non-cardiac

9

-0.21

(−0.39, −0.03)

0.02*

9

−0.67

(−1.14, −0.20)

0.005*

  Cardiac

–

–

–

–

1

0.03

(−0.18, 0.24)

0.78

  High

6

− 0.17

(− 0.32, − 0.02)

0.03*

10

− 0.6

(− 1.04, − 0.15)

0.009*

  Moderate

3

− 0.19

(− 0.49, 0.11)

0.21

–

–

–

–

  Fluid

9

− 0.21

(− 0.39, − 0.03)

0.02*

1

− 0.4

(− 0.87, 0.07)

0.1

  Fluid+inotropes

–

–

–

–

9

− 0.62

(− 1.10, − 0.13)

0.01*

  Minimally invasive

6

− 0.17

(− 0.32, − 0.02)

0.03*

9

− 0.68

(− 1.15, − 0.22)

0.004*

  Non-invasive

3

− 0.19

(− 0.49, 0.11)

0.21

1

0.24

(− 0.22, 0.70)

0.31

  Non-cardiac

2

−0.26

(−2.00, 1.47)

0.77

10

−0.77

(−1.15, − 0.39)

<0.0001*

  Cardiac

–

–

–

–

4

−0.86

(− 1.68, − 0.04)

0.04*

  High

2

−0.26

(−2.00, 1.47)

0.77

12

−0.77

(−1.09, − 0.45)

< 0.00001*

  Moderate

–

–

–

–

2

−0.76

(− 1.67, 0.15)

0.1

  Fluid

2

−0.26

(− 2.00, 1.47)

0.77

1

−0.5

(−1.46, 0.46)

0.3

  Fluid+inotropes

–

–

–

–

13

−0.79

(−1.10, − 0.47)

<0.00001*

  Minimally invasive

1

−0.67

(−2.88, 1.54)

0.55

14

−0.77

(−1.07, − 0.46)

<0.00001*

  Non-invasive

1

0.4

(−2.41, 3.21)

0.78

–

–

–

–

  Non-cardiac

7

0.19

(−1.11, 1.49)

0.77

17

−1.13

(−1.94, −0.32)

0.006*

  Cardiac

–

–

–

–

4

−1.42

(−2.63, − 0.21)

0.02*

  High

5

0.54

(−1.88, 2.96)

0.66

17

−1.45

(−2.37, −0.52)

0.002*

  Moderate

2

−0.01

(−0.55, 0.54)

0.98

4

−0.33

(−1.47, 0.81)

0.58

  Fluid

7

0.19

(−1.11, 1.49)

0.77

2

0.16

(−1.74, 2.05)

0.87

  Fluid+inotropes

–

–

–

–

19

−1.28

(− 1.82, −0.73)

<0.00001*

  Minimally invasive

5

0.54

(−1.88, 2.96)

0.66

20

−1.23

(−1.96, −0.49)

0.001*

  Non-invasive

2

−0.01

(−0.55, 0.54)

0.98

1

0

(−2.65, 2.65)

1