Organ system | Physiological effects |
---|---|
Vascular | ● Vasoconstriction of venous and arterial vessels ● Increased vascular permeability |
Renal | ● Stimulation of Na reabsorption and H+ excretion in the proximal tubule via Na+/H+ exchanger ● Stimulation of the release of aldosterone ● Variable effects on glomerular filtration and renal blood flow depending on the physiological and pharmacological setting: ➢ constriction of the afferent and efferent glomerular arterioles with greater effect on the efferent vessel ➢ constriction of the glomerular mesangium ➢ enhanced sensitivity to tubulo-glomerular feedback ➢ increased local release of prostaglandins which antagonize renal vasoconstriction |
Endocrine | ● Stimulation of the secretion of vasopressin from the posterior pituitary gland ● Secretion of ACTH ● Enhanced release of noradrenaline from postganglionic sympathetic fibers |
Nervous | ● Enhancement of noradrenaline secretion |
Cardiac | ● Mediation of cardiac remodeling through activated tissue RAS in cardiac myocytes |
Coagulation | ● Prothrombotic potential |
Immune | ● Promotion of cell growth and inflammation ● Increased expression of endothelium-derived adhesion molecules ● Synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines ● Generation of reactive oxygen species |