Fig. 4
From: Delay in antibiotic therapy results in fatal disease outcome in murine pneumococcal pneumonia
Early antibiotic treatment prevented systemic inflammation. Mice were infected with S. pneumoniae and assigned equally to groups and analysis time points (ntotal = 9 per time point). Starting 24 h or 48 h p.i., intervention groups were treated with ampicillin. As controls, mice were sham infected (PBS; ntotal = 7 per time point) or treated with solvent (0.9% NaCl). Mice surviving until designated analysis time point were sacrificed for blood sampling (number analyzed per time point presented in Additional file 1: Table S1). a Cytokine and b chemokine protein levels in serum measured by multiplex analysis. c Serum AST levels measured by Cobas 8000 C701. a–c Results pooled from three independent experiments per time point. Mean ± SEM. Two-way ANOVA/Sidak’s multiple comparisons test for comparison of ampicillin versus solvent treatment. One-way ANOVA/Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test for comparison to S. pneumoniae-infected mice at therapy start. *Significant difference between groups at time point, #significant difference from therapy start: */#p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 and ****p < 0.0001. Abx antibiotics, AST aspartate aminotransferase, Ctr control, IFN interferon, IL interleukin, PBS phosphate buffered saline, p.i. post infection, S. pn. Streptococcus pneumoniae