Fig. 3From: Delay in antibiotic therapy results in fatal disease outcome in murine pneumococcal pneumoniaAntibiotic therapy reduced levels of alveolar inflammatory mediators. Mice were infected with S. pneumoniae and assigned equally to groups and analysis time points (a, b ntotal = 9, c ntotal = 4 per time point). Starting 24 h or 48 h p.i., intervention groups were treated with ampicillin. As controls, mice were sham infected (PBS; a, b ntotal = 7, c ntotal = 4 per time point) or treated with solvent (0.9% NaCl). Mice surviving until designated analysis time point were sacrificed for BAL sampling (number analyzed per time point presented in Additional file 1: Table S1) or histopathological analysis (number analyzed per time point presented in Additional file 1: Table S2). a Chemokine and b cytokine protein levels in BAL fluid measured by multiplex analysis or ELISA. a, b Results pooled from three independent experiments per time point. Mean ± SEM. c Lung inflammation score calculated from specified histopathological parameters displaying distribution, severity and main character of lung lesions. Results pooled from two independent experiments per time point. Median and 25–75% interquartile range. a–c Two-way ANOVA/Sidak’s multiple comparisons test for comparison of ampicillin versus solvent treatment. a, b One-way ANOVA/Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test and c Kruskal–Wallis test/Dunn’s multiple comparisons test for comparison to S. pneumoniae-infected mice at therapy start. *Significant difference between groups at time point, #significant difference from therapy start: */# p < 0.05, **/## p < 0.01, ***/### p < 0.001 and ****/#### p < 0.0001. Abx antibiotics, Ctr control, IL interleukin, PBS phosphate buffered saline, p.i. post infection, S. pn. Streptococcus pneumoniaeBack to article page