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Fig. 3 | Critical Care

Fig. 3

From: Delay in antibiotic therapy results in fatal disease outcome in murine pneumococcal pneumonia

Fig. 3

Antibiotic therapy reduced levels of alveolar inflammatory mediators. Mice were infected with S. pneumoniae and assigned equally to groups and analysis time points (a, b ntotal = 9, c ntotal = 4 per time point). Starting 24 h or 48 h p.i., intervention groups were treated with ampicillin. As controls, mice were sham infected (PBS; a, b ntotal = 7, c ntotal = 4 per time point) or treated with solvent (0.9% NaCl). Mice surviving until designated analysis time point were sacrificed for BAL sampling (number analyzed per time point presented in Additional file 1: Table S1) or histopathological analysis (number analyzed per time point presented in Additional file 1: Table S2). a Chemokine and b cytokine protein levels in BAL fluid measured by multiplex analysis or ELISA. a, b Results pooled from three independent experiments per time point. Mean ± SEM. c Lung inflammation score calculated from specified histopathological parameters displaying distribution, severity and main character of lung lesions. Results pooled from two independent experiments per time point. Median and 25–75% interquartile range. a–c Two-way ANOVA/Sidak’s multiple comparisons test for comparison of ampicillin versus solvent treatment. a, b One-way ANOVA/Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test and c Kruskal–Wallis test/Dunn’s multiple comparisons test for comparison to S. pneumoniae-infected mice at therapy start. *Significant difference between groups at time point, #significant difference from therapy start: */# p < 0.05, **/## p < 0.01, ***/### p < 0.001 and ****/#### p < 0.0001. Abx antibiotics, Ctr control, IL interleukin, PBS phosphate buffered saline, p.i. post infection, S. pn. Streptococcus pneumoniae

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