Table 1 Baseline characteristics of patients with cardiovascular disease

Number of patients

101

102

102

101

406

Age (yr)

55.0 ± 17.0

56.5 ± 18.0

58.9 ± 19.3

63.1 ± 15.5

58.4 ± 17.7

Sex (male, %)

74 (73.3)

73 (71.6)

71 (69.6)

59 (58.4)

277 (68.2)

DM (n, %)

38 (37.6)

36 (35.3)

30 (29.4)

30 (29.7)

134 (33.0)

Hypertension (n, %)

48 (47.5)

41 (40.2)

35 (34.3)

45 (44.6)

169 (41.6)

Malignancy (n, %)

6 (5.9)

13 (12.7)

9 (8.8)

7 (6.9)

35 (8.6)

Charlson comorbidity index

2.1 ± 2.1

2.2 ± 2.0

1.8 ± 1.7

1.1 ± 1.5

1.8 ± 1.9

Weight (kg)

67.6 ± 11.2

66.0 ± 12.9

63.9 ± 12.1

61.4 ± 10.9

64.7 ± 12.0

Body mass index (kg/m²)

24.2 ± 3.3

23.7 ± 3.8

23.4 ± 3.6

23.4 ± 3.3

23.7 ± 3.5

Body surface area (m²)

1.7 ± 0.2

1.7 ± 0.2

1.7 ± 0.2

1.6 ± 0.1

1.7 ± 0.2

CFB (ml/kg)*

− 4.8 (− 25.2–9.6)

38.2 (27.6–51.4)

109.7 (77.4–137.3)

222.9 (194.6–272.7)

64.7 (20.1–161.7)

Daily fluid balance (ml/kg/d)*^,†

2.3 (− 5.0 to 8.9)

13.1 (6.6–27.7)

37.8 (23.8–67.0)

108.4 (63.4–180.6)

26.2 (6.7–68.6)

Cumulative input (ml/kg)*^,¶

165.2 (124.7–216.7)

191.6 (168.3–241.8)

248.6 (213.4–280.2)

371.3 (293.3–482.3)

214.5 (157.6–267.2)

Cumulative total output (ml/kg)*^,¶

182.0 (138.2–229.7)

149.7 (112.7–201.4)

138.6 (113.6–182.0)

136.8 (91.1–226.3)

153.1 (115.6–201.4)

Cumulative urine output (ml/kg)*^,¶

136.0 (68.5–182.5)

100.5 (37.1–143.9)

59.8 (21.7–119.8)

27.1 (10.0–66.6)

95.8 (31.1–150.6)

ICU LOS before ECMO (days)*

1 (0–1)

1 (0–1)

0 (0–1)

0 (0–1)

1 (0–1)

Daily fluid balance before ECMO (ml/kg/d)*^,‡

1.4 (− 22.4–19.9)

11.6 (− 15.7–24.4)

11.9 (− 0.6–37.9)

− 0.7 (− 6.2–7.4)

3.1 (− 8.3–21.6)

 Heart transplant

5 (5.0)

9 (8.8)

2 (2.0)

0 (0.0)

16 (3.9)

 Other cardiotomy

22 (21.8)

23 (22.5)

20 (19.6)

21 (20.8)

86 (21.2)

 Nonoperative CVD

74 (73.3)

70 (68.6)

80 (78.4)

80 (79.2)

304 (74.9)

ECMO VA mode (n, %)

100 (99.0)

98 (96.1)

99 (97.1)

101 (100.0)

398 (98.0)

 Blood flow rate (L/min)

2.8 ± 0.8

3.0 ± 0.8

3.0 ± 1.0

3.1 ± 1.0

2.9 ± 0.9

 Blood flow rate (L/min/m²)

1.6 ± 0.5

1.8 ± 0.4

1.8 ± 0.6

1.9 ± 0.6

1.8 ± 0.5

 FsO₂ (%)

89.4 ± 13.8

87.9 ± 15.1

85.3 ± 15.8

81.3 ± 17.1

85.9 ± 15.7

 ECMO DO₂I (ml/min/m²)

272.4 ± 86.7

304.4 ± 101.6

311.9 ± 134.6

344.8 ± 134.9

309.3 ± 119.2

ECMO duration (days)*

4 (2–6)

3 (2–7)

4 (2–7)

3 (2–6)

3 (2–6)

Mechanical ventilation (n, %)

90 (89.2)

100 (98.5)

97 (95.3)

100 (98.9)

387 (95.3)

Days of ventilator before ECMO (days)*

1 (0–1)

1 (0–1)

1 (0–1)

0 (0–1)

1 (0–1)

WBC (× 10³/μl)

12.8 ± 6.0

13.8 ± 6.9

14.6 ± 8.5

13.6 ± 6.8

13.7 ± 7.1

Hemoglobin (g/dl)

11.1 ± 2.4

11.4 ± 2.4

11.0 ± 2.3

10.3 ± 2.4

11.0 ± 2.4

SaO₂ (%)*

98.2 (93.3–99.3)

97.7 (95.4–98.9)

99.3 (97.3–99.8)

99.6 (96.8–99.9)

98.8 (96.2–99.8)

BUN (mg/dl)

27.3 ± 16.0

27.1 ± 15.2

26.5 ± 11.0

23.6 ± 12.9

26.1 ± 14.0

Creatinine (mg/dl)

1.5 ± 0.9

1.5 ± 0.8

1.5 ± 0.5

1.4 ± 0.5

1.5 ± 0.7

eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m²)

60.7 ± 29.5

58.2 ± 26.8

54.6 ± 22.9

58.2 ± 25.8

57.9 ± 26.4

Albumin (g/dl)

3.0 ± 0.5

2.9 ± 0.6

2.7 ± 0.7

2.6 ± 0.8

2.8 ± 0.7

Bilirubin (mg/dl)

1.8 ± 1.7

2.4 ± 2.6

1.8 ± 1.9

1.2 ± 1.2

1.8 ± 1.9

CRP (mg/dl)*

32.7 (12.8–82.6)

25.6 (6.4–62.6)

17.9 (4.1–61.9)

9.7 (3.0–47.0)

22.7 (3.6–62.3)

APACHE II score

23.1 ± 9.7

23.9 ± 8.3

23.7 ± 10.4

24.7 ± 9.7

23.8 ± 9.6