Table 1 Patient characteristics, prehospital data, and postresuscitation care data in the out-of-hospital cardiac arrest study population
Total n = 1393 | Prehospital ROSC n = 1285 (92%) | Refractory OHCA n = 108 (8%) | |
|---|---|---|---|
Age, years (mean ± SD) | 65 ± 15 | 65 ± 11 | 61 ± 17 |
Sex (male), n (%) | 961 (70%) | 882 (70%) | 79 (77%) |
Cardiovascular comorbidity, n (%) | |||
- Chronic ischemic heart disease | 289 (21%) | 265 (21%) | 24 (24%) |
- Congestive heart failure | 215 (16%) | 203 (16%) | 12 (12%) |
- Type 2 diabetes | 164 (12%) | 152 (12%) | 12 (12%) |
- Hypertension | 494 (36%) | 460 (37%) | 34 (33%) |
- Hypercholesterolemia | 252 (19%) | 233 (19%) | 19 (19%) |
- Active smoking | 344 (25%) | 324 (26%) | 20 (20%) |
High comorbidity burden (CCI ≥ 3)a, n (%) | 273 (20%) | 252 (20%) | 21 (21%) |
OHCA circumstances | |||
- Shockable primary rhythm, n (%) | 704 (52%) | 652 (52%) | 52 (50%) |
- Publicb, n (%) | 496 (37%) | 443 (36%) | 53 (52%) |
- Witnessed OHCA, n (%) | 1126 (86%) | 1040 (86%) | 86 (85%) |
◦ By EMSb | 70 (7%) | 58 (6%) | 12 (14%) |
- Bystander CPR, n (%) | 704 (55%) | 649 (55%) | 55 (56%) |
- Time to EMS (min), median (Q1-Q3) | 7 (5–9) | 6 (5–9) | 7 (5–10) |
- Time to ROSC (min), median (Q1-Q3)b | 15 (9–23) | 15 (9–22) | 27 (20–41) |
- Length of resuscitation attempt (min), median (Q1-Q3)b | 17 (10–29) | 16 (9–26) | 45 (27–68) |
- Time to emergency room (min), median (Q1-Q3)b,c | 40 (31–52) | 40 (32–52) | 35 (25–47) |
OHCA etiology | |||
- Cardiovascular etiology, n (%) | 1100 (81%) | 1012 (81%) | 88 (87%) |
◦ STEMI, n (%) | 313 (28%) | 293 (29%) | 20 (23%) |
◦ NSTEMI, n (%) | 229 (21%) | 218 (22%) | 11 (13%) |
◦ Cardiogenic shock, n (%) | 63 (6%) | 54 (5%) | 9 (10%) |
◦ Primary arrhythmia, n (%) | 166 (15%) | 157 (16%) | 9 (10%) |
◦ Pulmonary embolism, n (%)b | 21 (2%) | 15 (1%) | 6 (7%) |
◦ Other cardiovascular etiology, n (%)b | 308 (28%) | 275 (27%) | 33 (38%) |
Admitted to heart centerb | 836 (61%) | 763 (61%) | 73 (71%) |
In-hospitald | |||
- GCS > 9 after ROSC, n (%) | 127 (11%) | 123 (11%) | 4 (7%) |
- Admitted ICU, n (%)b | 1085 (90%) | 1029 (89%) | 56 (100%) |
- ICU days, median (Q1-Q3)b | 4 (2–7) | 4 (2–7) | 7 (4–9) |
- Mechanical ventilation, n (%)b | 1085 (90%) | 1029 (89%) | 56 (100%) |
- TTM, n (%) | 656 (55%) | 628 (56%) | 28 (51%) |
- IABP, n (%)b | 48 (4%) | 40 (3%) | 8 (14%) |
- EEG, n (%) | 217 (18%) | 203 (18%) | 14 (25%) |
- CT cerebrum, n (%) | 435 (36%) | 414 (36%) | 21 (38%) |
- Thrombolysis, n (%) | 9 (1%) | 8 (1%) | 1 (2%) |
- CAG, n (%) | 500 (41%) | 480 (42%) | 20 (36%) |
◦ Early CAG (< 24 h) | 377 (31%) | 359 (31%) | 18 (32%) |
- Revascularization (of patients with CAG) | |||
◦ PCI, n (%) | 269 (54%) | 259 (54%) | 10 (50%) |
◦ CABG, n (%) | 53 (11%) | 51 (11%) | 2 (10%) |
- Temporary pacemaker, n (%) | 63 (5%) | 58 (5%) | 5 (9%) |
- Permanent pacemaker/ICD, n (%) | 201 (17%) | 194 (17%) | 7 (13%) |
Termination of in-hospital treatmentd,e | |||
- Anoxic brain damage, n (%)b | 377 (50%) | 358 (52%) | 19 (25%) |
- Circulatory failure, n (%)b | 292 (39%) | 239 (36%) | 53 (70%) |
- Organ failure, n (%) | 81 (11%) | 77 (11%) | 4 (5%) |
- Seizures, n (%)b | 56 (7%) | 56 (8%) | 0 (0%) |
- High burden of comorbidities, n (%)b | 152 (20%) | 148 (22%) | 4 (5%) |
- Time to ROSC, n (%)b | 35 (5%) | 25 (4%) | 10 (13%) |
- Living will, n (%) | 9 (1%) | 9 (1%) | 0 (0%) |
At hospital discharge | |||
- LVEF > 35%, n (%) | 451 (55%) | 430 (55%) | 21 (51%) |
- Favorable neurological outcome (CPC 1 or 2), n (%) | 456 (84) | 437 (84) | 19 (90) |
- Nonfavorable neurological outcome (CPC 3 or 4), n (%) | 89 (16%) | 86 (16%) | 3 (14%) |