Table 1 Baseline characteristics in patients with tracheostomy and patients with no tracheostomy. (n = 2377)
Tracheostomy (n = 309) | No tracheostomy (n = 2068) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
Number (%) or median (Q1-Q3) | Number (%) or median (Q1-Q3) | ||
Age (years) | 63 (49–72) | 63 (50–74) | 0.1443 |
Sex (male) | 200 (64.7) | 1272 (61.5) | 0.2775 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 27.1 (23.1–30.8) | 26.0 (22.9–30.4) | 0.1410 |
Geo-economic area | 0.0002 | ||
European countries with high income | 198/1263 (15.7) | 1065/1263 (84.3) | |
Non-European countries (rest of world) with high income | 63/649 (9.7) | 586/649 (90.3) | |
Countries with middle income | 48/465 (10.3) | 417/465 (89.7) | |
Severity of ARDS at day 1 | 0.9271 | ||
Mild | 95 (30.7) | 619 (29.9) | |
Moderate | 144 (46.6) | 962 (46.5) | |
Severe | 70 (22.7) | 487 (23.6) | |
Type of admission | 0.0194 | ||
Medical | 211 (68.3) | 1554 (75.2) | |
Surgical | 20 (6.5) | 123 (6.0) | |
Postoperative (elective) | 56 (18.1) | 310 (15.0) | |
Trauma | 22 (7.1) | 81 (4.0) | |
Cause of AHRF | |||
Pneumonia | 213 (68.9) | 1295 (62.6) | 0.0317 |
Cardiac failure | 43 (12.9) | 311 (15.0) | 0.6051 |
Asthma | 4 (1.3) | 29 (1.4) | 1.0000 |
ARDS (i.e. clinician recognized) | 103 (33.3) | 684 (33.1) | 0.9284 |
COPD | 29 (9.4) | 205 (9.9) | 0.7714 |
Unknown | 15 (4.9) | 117 (5.7) | 0.5652 |
Others | 54 (17.5) | 418 (20.2) | 0.2606 |
ARDS risk factor | 0.1675 | ||
No risk factor | 19 (6.1) | 157 (7.6) | |
Only indirect risk factors | 53 (17.1) | 429 (20.7) | |
Only direct risk factors | 194 (62.8) | 1160 (56.1) | |
Both risk factor types | 43 (13.9) | 322 (15.6) | |
Illness severity at ARDS onset | |||
pH | 7.37 (7.29–7.43) | 7.34 (7.26–7.41) | <.0001 |
P/F ratio (mmHg) | 156 (110–213) | 154 (103–215) | 0.6845 |
PaCO2 (mmHg) | 42 (36–50) | 43 (37–51) | 0.2751 |
Non-respiratory SOFA score (adjusted for missing values) (ARDS onset) | 6 (4–9) | 7 (4–10) | 0.0010 |
Non-respiratory SOFA score (adjusted for missing values) at day 2 | 6 (4–9) | 6 (4–10) | 0.1333 |
Difference in non-respiratory SOFA score (day2-day1) (adjusted for missing values) | 0 (−2–2) | 0 (−2–2) | 0.9598 |
Mechanical ventilation settings at ARDS onset | |||
Respiratory rate (set) (breaths/min) | 18 (15–22) | 16 (14–20) | 0.0016 |
Respiratory rate (total) (breaths/min) | 20 (15–25) | 20 (16–24) | 0.2406 |
Tidal volume (ml) | 488 (400–550) | 457 (400–516) | 0.0105 |
Tidal volume/IBW (ml/kg) | 7.55 (6.34–8.96) | 7.35 (6.39–8.48) | 0.4519 |
PEEP (cmH2O) | 8 (5–10) | 8 (5–10) | 0.0254 |
Plateau pressure (cmH2O) (n = 79, n = 663) | 24 (20–27) | 23 (18–28) | 0.4957 |
Peak inspiratory pressure (cmH2O) | 27 (21–32) | 26 (22–32) | 0.6444 |
Mean airway pressure (cmH2O) | 14 (11–18) | 14 (11–18) | 0.4912 |
Use of adjuncts | |||
ECMO use | 20 (6.5) | 35 (1.7) | <.0001 |
High-dose corticosteroids | 36 (11.7) | 225 (10.9) | 0.6862 |
Continuous sedation | 234 (75.7) | 1567 (75.8) | 0.9861 |
Continuous neuromuscular blocking agents | 34 (11.0) | 286 (13.8) | 0.1745 |
Renal replacement therapy | 35 (11.3) | 169 (8.2) | 0.0648 |
Inhaled vasodilators | 19 (6.2) | 84 (4.1) | 0.0928 |
Neutrophil elastase therapy | 3 (1.0) | 10 (0.5) | 0.2334 |
Vasopressor used | 163 (52.8) | 1212 (58.6) | 0.0518 |