Corticosteroid use and intensive care unit-acquired weakness: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Table 3 Subgroup analyses

Analysis	Study	n	I² (%)	Ph	OR	95% CI	Pe	Pi	Incidence corticosteroid (%)	Incidence control (%)
Study type
RCT	[18]	375			1.40	0.85–2.29	0.184		25	19
Prospective cohort studies	[1, 19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34]	2012	69.0	< 0.001	1.90	1.25–2.89	0.003	0.35	46	36
Diagnostic method
Clinical assessment	[18, 20, 21, 23, 24, 26, 27, 31]	1232	60.6	0.013	2.06	1.27–3.33	0.003		39	23
Electrophysiology	[1, 19, 22, 25, 28,29,30, 32,33,34]	1155	70.6	< 0.001	1.65	0.92–2.95	0.093	0.56	46	46
Inclusion criterion
Sepsis	[18, 19, 30, 32]	568	80.8	0.001	1.96	0.61–6.30	0.260		34	30
Nonsepsis	[1, 20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29, 31, 33, 34]	1819	63.0	0.001	1.77	1.18–2.64	0.006	0.87	45	35
MV	[20, 21, 23,24,25, 27,28,29, 31,32,33,34]	1384	66.0	0.001	2.00	1.23–3.27	0.006		50	40
Non-MV	[1, 18, 19, 22, 26, 30]	1003	74.4	0.002	1.61	0.83–3.13	0.161	0.61	31	26
Sample size
n ≥ 100	[1, 18,19,20,21,22, 26,27,28]	1847	74.9	< 0.001	1.62	1.02–2.53	0.042		39	30
n < 100	[23,24,25, 29,30,31,32,33,34]	540	49.3	0.046	2.32	1.21–4.42	0.011	0.36	62	43

I² I-squared statistic test for heterogeneity, Ph P value for test of heterogeneity, OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval, Pe P value for the effect estimate for each subgroup, Pi P value for interaction tests of heterogeneity between subgroups, RCT randomized controlled trial, MV mechanical ventilation

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