Fig. 1
Impact of temperature and flow on patient comfort. Values reported as median with 10°, 25°, 75°, and 90° percentiles as vertical boxes with error bars. a Whole population, overall p < 0.0001 (GLIMMIX). Post hoc analysis: ***p < 0.001 vs HF30-T31, ###p < 0.001 vs HF60-T31. b Subgroup analyses: grey boxes represent FiO2 < 45% subgroup, while white boxes represent FiO2 ≥ 45% subgroup. p values from GLIMMIX analysis: treatment effect p < 0.001; FiO2 effect = 0.055; interaction = 0.035. Post hoc analysis: *p < 0.05 vs HF30-T31; **p < 0.01 vs HF30-T31; ***p < 0.001 vs HF30-T31; #p < 0.05 vs HF60-T31; ##p < 0.01 vs HF60-T31; ###p < 0.001 vs HF60-T31; ††p < 0.01 vs FiO2 < 45% subgroup (same step). FiO 2 inspired oxygen fraction, HF30-T31 gas flow 30 l/min and temperature 31 °C, HF60-T31 gas flow 60 l/min and temperature 31 °C, HF30-T37 gas flow 30 l/min and temperature 37 °C, HF60-T37 gas flow 60 l/min and temperature 37 °C