Outcomes | PROM | Passive cycle ergometry | Quadriceps electrical stimulation | FES cycling | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rest | Exercise | Rest | Exercise | Rest | Exercise | Rest | Exercise | |
Heart rate (b/min) | 93 (86–100) | 93 (86–100) | 94 (86–101) | 94 (86–101) | 94 (86–101) | 93 (86–101) | 94 (86–101) | 97* (90–104) |
TAPSE (cm) | 2 (1.8–2.2) | 1.9 (1.7–2.1) | 1.8 (1.5–2) | 1.8 (1.6–2) | 1.7 (1.5–2) | 1.8 (1.6–2) | 1.8 (1.6–2) | 2* (1.8–2.2) |
Mean arterial pressure (mmHg) | 87 (80–93) | 88 (82–94) | 85 (79–91) | 89* (83–95) | 87 (80–93) | 87 (81–93) | 84 (77–90) | 91* (85–97) |
PAPS (mmHg) | 51 (37–66) | 45 (32–59) | 51 (39–63) | 49 (35–62) | 47 (35–58) | 46 (35–57) | 50 (36–64) | 51†,‡ (36–67) |
Respiratory Rate (c/min) | 20 (16–24) | 20 (16–24) | 22 (17–27) | 22 (17–27) | 20 (15–25) | 21 (16–26) | 21 (17–25) | 24†,‡ (19–30) |
Tidal volume (mL) | 513 (447–579) | 507 (443–571) | 514 (427–600) | 527 (449–605) | 521 (446–596) | 497 (441–553) | 510 (427–593) | 521 (446–596) |