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Table 2 Univariate analysis of pre-hospital variables in the derivation cohort

From: Development and validation of a pre-hospital “Red Flag” alert for activation of intra-hospital haemorrhage control response in blunt trauma

 

SH

(n = 672)

No SH (n = 3003)

Missing values,

n (%)

p

Male

465 (69%)

2258 (78%)

7 (0%)

< 0.001

Age (years)

42 ± 19

37 ± 16

7 (0%)

< 0.001

SBP min (mmHg)

93 ± 30

118 ± 22

50 (1%)

< 0.001

DBP min (mmHg)

55 ± 18

70 ± 15

65 (2%)

< 0.001

MBP min (mmHg)

68 ± 21

86 ± 16

50 (1%)

< 0.001

HR max (/min)

108 ± 27

93 ± 20

73 (2%)

< 0.001

Shock Index (HR/SBP)

1.3 ± 0.8

0.8 ± 0.4

77 (2%)

< 0.001

Capillary haemoglobin (g/dl)

12.8 ± 2.2

14.2 ± 1.7

183 (5%)

< 0.001

SpO2 min (%)

97 (92–100)

98 (96–100)

99 (3%)

< 0.001

Glasgow Coma Scale

14 (7–15)

15 (14–15)

17 (0%)

< 0.001

Pelvic trauma

115 (18%)

106 (4%)

141 (5%)

< 0.001

Vasopressor

216 (33%)

140 (5%)

37 (1%)

< 0.001

Pre-hospital intubation

385 (57%)

692 (23%)

6 (0%)

< 0.001

Binarized variables (Youden’s Index)

 SBP min ≤ 100

421 (64%)

569 (19%)

 

< 0.001

 MBP ≤ 70 mmHg

382 (58%)

448 (15%)

 

< 0.001

 HR max ≥100

418 (64%)

1050 (36%)

 

< 0.001

 Shock Index (HR/SBP) ≥ 1

394 (60%)

419 (14%)

 

< 0.001

 Capillary haemoglobin ≤ 13

382 (59%)

812 (29%)

 

< 0.001

 SpO2 min ≤ 90%a

142 (22%)

189 (6%)

 

< 0.001

 Glasgow Coma Scale ≤13a

321 (48%)

712 (24%)

 

< 0.001

  1. Results expressed as mean ± standard deviation, n (%) or median (1st quartile–3rd quartile)
  2. SH severe haemorrhage, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, MBP mean blood pressure, HR heart rate, SpO 2 peripheral oxygen saturation, min minimal, max maximal
  3. aCut-off value not binarized with receiver operating characteristic curves