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Table 1 Clinical patient characteristics at baseline with regards to survival up to 28 days

From: The use of mid-regional proadrenomedullin to identify disease severity and treatment response to sepsis - a secondary analysis of a large randomised controlled trial

 

Total

(N = 1076)

Survivors

(N = 787)

Non-Survivors

(N = 289)

p value

Age (years) (mean, SD)

65.7 (13.7)

64.3 (14.0)

69.5 (12.0)

<0.001

Male gender (N, %)

681 (63.3%)

510 (64.8%)

171 (59.2%)

0.091

Definitions of sepsis and length of stay

 Sepsis-1, severe sepsis (N, %)

139 (12.9%)

109 (13.9%)

30 (10.4%)

0.125

 Sepsis-1, septic shock (N, %)

937 (87.1%)

678 (86.2%)

259 (89.6%)

0.125

 Sepsis-3, sepsis (N, %)

439 (41.2%)

351 (45.2%)

88 (30.4%)

<0.001

 Sepsis-3, septic shock (N, %)

627 (58.8%)

426 (54.8%)

201 (69.6%)

<0.001

 ICU length of stay (days) (median, IQR)

12 (6 - 23)

13 (7 - 26)

8 (4 - 15)

<0.001

 Hospital length of stay (days) (median, IQR)

28 (17 - 45)

34 (22 - 51)

14 (7 - 23)

<0.001

Pre-existing comorbidities

 History of diabetes mellitus (N, %)

280 (26.0%)

188 (23.9%)

92 (31.8%)

0.009

 Heart failure (N, %)

230 (21.4%)

150 (19.1%)

80 (27.7%)

0.003

 Renal dysfunction (N, %)

217 (20.2%)

135 (17.2%)

82 (28.4%)

<0.001

 COPD (N, %)

131 (12.2%)

90 (11.4%)

41 (14.2%)

0.228

 Liver cirrhosis (N, %)

50 (4.7%)

27 (3.4%)

23 (8.0%)

0.003

 History of cancer (N, %)

319 (29.7%)

224 (28.5%)

95 (32.9%)

0.163

 Immunosuppression (N, %)

46 (4.3%)

30 (3.8%)

16 (5.5%)

0.227

Microbiology

 Gram positive (N, %)

146 (13.6%)

113 (14.4%)

33 (11.4%)

0.205

 Gram negative (N, %)

132 (12.3%)

95 (12.1%)

37 (12.8%)

0.747

 Fungal (N, %)

51 (4.7%)

37 (4.7%)

14 (4.8%)

0.922

 Gram positive and negative (N, %)

183 (17.0%)

133 (16.9%)

50 (17.3%)

0.877

 Gram positive and fungal (N, %)

92 (8.6%)

68 (8.6%)

24 (8.3%)

0.861

 Gram negative and fungal (N, %)

51 (4.7%)

35 (4.5%)

16 (5.5%)

0.463

 Gram positive and negative and fungal (N, %)

115 (10.7%)

81 (10.3%)

34 (11.8%)

0.492

Origin of infection

 Pneumonia (N, %)

453 (43.7%)

327 (42.9%)

126 (46.0%)

0.380

 Upper or lower respiratory (N, %)

44 (4.3%)

29 (3.8%)

15 (5.5%)

0.252

 Thoracic (N, %)

44 (4.3%)

35 (4.6%)

9 (3.3%)

0.344

 Bones/soft tissue (N, %)

78 (7.5%)

56 (7.4%)

22 (8.0%)

0.716

 Gastrointestinal (N, %)

80 (7.7%)

68 (8.9%)

12 (4.4%)

0.011

 Catheter associated (N, %)

30 (2.9%)

18 (2.4%)

12 (4.4%)

0.102

 Surgical wound (N, %)

41 (4.0%)

31 (4.1%)

10 (3.7%)

0.759

 Intraabdominal (N, %)

375 (36.2%)

276 (36.2%)

99 (36.1%)

0.979

 Cardiovascular (N, %)

6 (0.6%)

4 (0.5%)

2 (0.7%)

0.708

 Urogenital (N, %)

99 (9.6%)

70 (9.2%)

29 (10.6%)

0.503

 Central nervous system (N, %)

3 (0.3%)

2 (0.3%)

1 (0.4%)

0.792

 Bacteraemia (N, %)

31 (3.0%)

20 (2.6%)

11 (4.0%)

0.261

Organ dysfunction

 Neurological (N, %)

348 (32.3%)

240 (30.5%)

108 (37.4%)

0.034

 Respiratory (N, %)

486 (45.2%)

350 (44.5%)

136 (47.1%)

0.450

 Cardiovascular (N, %)

829 (77.0%)

584 (74.2%)

245 (84.8%)

<0.001

 Renal (N, %)

382 (35.5%)

249 (31.6%)

133 (46.0%)

<0.001

 Haematological (N, %)

156 (14.5%)

89 (11.3%)

67 (23.2%)

<0.001

 Gastrointestinal (N, %)

387 (36.0%)

271 (34.4%)

116 (40.1%)

0.086

 Metabolic (N, %)

718 (66.7%)

504 (64.0%)

214 (74.1%)

0.002

 Other organ dysfunction (N, %)

499 (46.4%)

380 (48.3%)

119 (41.2%)

0.038

Treatment upon sepsis diagnosis

 Invasive mechanical ventilation (N, %)

789 (73.3%)

567 (72.1%)

222 (76.8%)

0.113

 Non-invasive mechanical ventilation (N, %)

64 (5.9%)

46 (5.8%)

18 (6.2%)

0.815

 Renal replacement therapy (N, %)

326 (30.8%)

158 (20.5%)

168 (58.1%)

<0.001

 Vasopressor use (N, %)

980 (91.1%)

712 (90.5%)

268 (92.7%)

0.239

Biomarker and severity scores

 MR-proADM (nmol/L) (median, IQR)

5.0 (2.6–8.8)

4.0 (2.3–7.2)

8.2 (5.2–12.6)

<0.001

 PCT (ng/mL) (median, IQR)

7.4 (1.6–26.9)

6.6 (1.4–25.1)

9.3 (2.6–31.8)

0.033

 Lactate (mmol/L) (median, IQR)

2.7 (1.6–4.7)

2.4 (1.5–4.0)

3.7 (2.1–7.2)

<0.001

 CRP (mg/L) (median, IQR)

188 (120.9–282)

189 (120.5–277.4)

188 (122–287)

0.773

 SOFA (points) (mean, SD)

10.02 (3.33)

9.58 (3.18)

11.22 (3.43)

<0.001

 SAPS II (points) (mean, SD)

63.27 (14.18)

61.08 (13.71)

69.24 (13.74)

<0.001

 APACHE II (points) (mean, SD)

24.24 (7.60)

23.05 (7.37)

27.49 (7.28)

<0.001

  1. Data are presented as absolute numbers with percentages in brackets, indicating the proportion of surviving and non-surviving patients at 28 days
  2. APACHE II Acute Physiological and Chronic Health Evaluation II score, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, CRP C-reactive protein, ICU intensive care unit, MR-proADM mid-regional proadrenomedullin, N number, PCT procalcitonin, SAPS II Simplified Acute Physiological Score II, SOFA Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score