| Total (N = 1076) | Survivors (N = 787) | Non-Survivors (N = 289) | p value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) (mean, SD) | 65.7 (13.7) | 64.3 (14.0) | 69.5 (12.0) | <0.001 |
Male gender (N, %) | 681 (63.3%) | 510 (64.8%) | 171 (59.2%) | 0.091 |
Definitions of sepsis and length of stay | ||||
 Sepsis-1, severe sepsis (N, %) | 139 (12.9%) | 109 (13.9%) | 30 (10.4%) | 0.125 |
 Sepsis-1, septic shock (N, %) | 937 (87.1%) | 678 (86.2%) | 259 (89.6%) | 0.125 |
 Sepsis-3, sepsis (N, %) | 439 (41.2%) | 351 (45.2%) | 88 (30.4%) | <0.001 |
 Sepsis-3, septic shock (N, %) | 627 (58.8%) | 426 (54.8%) | 201 (69.6%) | <0.001 |
 ICU length of stay (days) (median, IQR) | 12 (6 - 23) | 13 (7 - 26) | 8 (4 - 15) | <0.001 |
 Hospital length of stay (days) (median, IQR) | 28 (17 - 45) | 34 (22 - 51) | 14 (7 - 23) | <0.001 |
Pre-existing comorbidities | ||||
 History of diabetes mellitus (N, %) | 280 (26.0%) | 188 (23.9%) | 92 (31.8%) | 0.009 |
 Heart failure (N, %) | 230 (21.4%) | 150 (19.1%) | 80 (27.7%) | 0.003 |
 Renal dysfunction (N, %) | 217 (20.2%) | 135 (17.2%) | 82 (28.4%) | <0.001 |
 COPD (N, %) | 131 (12.2%) | 90 (11.4%) | 41 (14.2%) | 0.228 |
 Liver cirrhosis (N, %) | 50 (4.7%) | 27 (3.4%) | 23 (8.0%) | 0.003 |
 History of cancer (N, %) | 319 (29.7%) | 224 (28.5%) | 95 (32.9%) | 0.163 |
 Immunosuppression (N, %) | 46 (4.3%) | 30 (3.8%) | 16 (5.5%) | 0.227 |
Microbiology | ||||
 Gram positive (N, %) | 146 (13.6%) | 113 (14.4%) | 33 (11.4%) | 0.205 |
 Gram negative (N, %) | 132 (12.3%) | 95 (12.1%) | 37 (12.8%) | 0.747 |
 Fungal (N, %) | 51 (4.7%) | 37 (4.7%) | 14 (4.8%) | 0.922 |
 Gram positive and negative (N, %) | 183 (17.0%) | 133 (16.9%) | 50 (17.3%) | 0.877 |
 Gram positive and fungal (N, %) | 92 (8.6%) | 68 (8.6%) | 24 (8.3%) | 0.861 |
 Gram negative and fungal (N, %) | 51 (4.7%) | 35 (4.5%) | 16 (5.5%) | 0.463 |
 Gram positive and negative and fungal (N, %) | 115 (10.7%) | 81 (10.3%) | 34 (11.8%) | 0.492 |
Origin of infection | ||||
 Pneumonia (N, %) | 453 (43.7%) | 327 (42.9%) | 126 (46.0%) | 0.380 |
 Upper or lower respiratory (N, %) | 44 (4.3%) | 29 (3.8%) | 15 (5.5%) | 0.252 |
 Thoracic (N, %) | 44 (4.3%) | 35 (4.6%) | 9 (3.3%) | 0.344 |
 Bones/soft tissue (N, %) | 78 (7.5%) | 56 (7.4%) | 22 (8.0%) | 0.716 |
 Gastrointestinal (N, %) | 80 (7.7%) | 68 (8.9%) | 12 (4.4%) | 0.011 |
 Catheter associated (N, %) | 30 (2.9%) | 18 (2.4%) | 12 (4.4%) | 0.102 |
 Surgical wound (N, %) | 41 (4.0%) | 31 (4.1%) | 10 (3.7%) | 0.759 |
 Intraabdominal (N, %) | 375 (36.2%) | 276 (36.2%) | 99 (36.1%) | 0.979 |
 Cardiovascular (N, %) | 6 (0.6%) | 4 (0.5%) | 2 (0.7%) | 0.708 |
 Urogenital (N, %) | 99 (9.6%) | 70 (9.2%) | 29 (10.6%) | 0.503 |
 Central nervous system (N, %) | 3 (0.3%) | 2 (0.3%) | 1 (0.4%) | 0.792 |
 Bacteraemia (N, %) | 31 (3.0%) | 20 (2.6%) | 11 (4.0%) | 0.261 |
Organ dysfunction | ||||
 Neurological (N, %) | 348 (32.3%) | 240 (30.5%) | 108 (37.4%) | 0.034 |
 Respiratory (N, %) | 486 (45.2%) | 350 (44.5%) | 136 (47.1%) | 0.450 |
 Cardiovascular (N, %) | 829 (77.0%) | 584 (74.2%) | 245 (84.8%) | <0.001 |
 Renal (N, %) | 382 (35.5%) | 249 (31.6%) | 133 (46.0%) | <0.001 |
 Haematological (N, %) | 156 (14.5%) | 89 (11.3%) | 67 (23.2%) | <0.001 |
 Gastrointestinal (N, %) | 387 (36.0%) | 271 (34.4%) | 116 (40.1%) | 0.086 |
 Metabolic (N, %) | 718 (66.7%) | 504 (64.0%) | 214 (74.1%) | 0.002 |
 Other organ dysfunction (N, %) | 499 (46.4%) | 380 (48.3%) | 119 (41.2%) | 0.038 |
Treatment upon sepsis diagnosis | ||||
 Invasive mechanical ventilation (N, %) | 789 (73.3%) | 567 (72.1%) | 222 (76.8%) | 0.113 |
 Non-invasive mechanical ventilation (N, %) | 64 (5.9%) | 46 (5.8%) | 18 (6.2%) | 0.815 |
 Renal replacement therapy (N, %) | 326 (30.8%) | 158 (20.5%) | 168 (58.1%) | <0.001 |
 Vasopressor use (N, %) | 980 (91.1%) | 712 (90.5%) | 268 (92.7%) | 0.239 |
Biomarker and severity scores | ||||
 MR-proADM (nmol/L) (median, IQR) | 5.0 (2.6–8.8) | 4.0 (2.3–7.2) | 8.2 (5.2–12.6) | <0.001 |
 PCT (ng/mL) (median, IQR) | 7.4 (1.6–26.9) | 6.6 (1.4–25.1) | 9.3 (2.6–31.8) | 0.033 |
 Lactate (mmol/L) (median, IQR) | 2.7 (1.6–4.7) | 2.4 (1.5–4.0) | 3.7 (2.1–7.2) | <0.001 |
 CRP (mg/L) (median, IQR) | 188 (120.9–282) | 189 (120.5–277.4) | 188 (122–287) | 0.773 |
 SOFA (points) (mean, SD) | 10.02 (3.33) | 9.58 (3.18) | 11.22 (3.43) | <0.001 |
 SAPS II (points) (mean, SD) | 63.27 (14.18) | 61.08 (13.71) | 69.24 (13.74) | <0.001 |
 APACHE II (points) (mean, SD) | 24.24 (7.60) | 23.05 (7.37) | 27.49 (7.28) | <0.001 |