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Table 3 Results of subgroup analysis

From: Bedside ultrasound to detect central venous catheter misplacement and associated iatrogenic complications: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Study

Ultrasound protocol

Specificity1 (95% CI)

Sensitivity2 (95% CI)

All studies (pooled)

 Intra-atrial

 

97.4 (94.8–98.7)

73.5 (57.2–85.3)

 Extra-atrial

 

100.0 (98.1–100.0)

55.6 (21.2–86.3)

 Total

 

98.6 (97.2–99.3)

65.4 (50.7–77.6)

 

TTE and CEUS

  

Cortellaro [49]

 Intra-atrial

 

98.6 (92.2–100.0)

50.0 (1.2–98.7)

 Extra-atrial

 

100.0 (94.6–100.0)

25.0 (0.6–80.6)

 Total

 

98.5 (91.7–100.0)

33.3 (4.3–77.7)

Duran-Gehring [50]

 Intra-atrial

 

100.0 (92.3–100.0)

4

 Extra-atrial

 

100.0 (91.8–100.0)

33.3 (0.8–90.6)

 Total

 

100.0 (91.8–100.0)

33.3 (0.8–90.6)

Kamalipour [52]

 Intra-atrial

 

97.8 (92.2–99.7)

78.6 (49.2–95.3)

 Extra-atrial

 

100.0 (96.4–100.0)

0.0 (0.0–84.2)

 Total

 

97.7 (92.0–99.7)

68.8 (41.3–89.0)

Lanza [53]

 Intra-atrial

 

99.0 (94.6–100.0)

71.4 (29.0–96.3)

 Extra-atrial

 

100.0 (96.4–100.0)

80.0 (28.4–99.5)

 Total

 

98.9 (94.3–100.0)

75.0 (42.8–94.5)

Weekes [55]

 Intra-atrial

 

100.0 (97.6–100.0)

4

 Extra-atrial

 

100.0 (97.5–100.0)

75.0 (19.4–99.4)

 Total

 

100.0 (97.5–100.0)

75.0 (19.4–99.4)

 

Vascular ultrasound and TTE

  

Alonso-Quintela [58]

   

 Intra-atrial

 

94.0 (83.4–98.7)

100.0 (2.5–100.0)

 Extra-atrial

 

100.0 (92.7–100.0)

100.0 (15.8–100.0)

 Total

 

93.8 (82.8–98.7)

100.0 (29.2–100.0)

Maury [59]

 Intra-atrial

 

100.0 (95.4–100.0)

100.0 (47.8–100.0)

 Extra-atrial

 

100.0 (95.5–100.0)

100.0 (39.8–100.0)

 Total

 

100.0 (95.2–100.0)

100.0 (66.4–100.0)

 

Vascular ultrasound, TTE and CEUS

  

Blans [18]

 Intra-atrial

 

100.0 (93.2–100.0)

0.0 (0.0–70.8)

 Extra-atrial

 

98.0 (89.6–100.0)

0.0 (0.0–84.2)

 Total

 

98.0 (89.4–99.9)

0.0 (0.0–70.8)

Matsushima [19]

 Intra-atrial

 

98.2 (90.6–100.0)

50.0 (1.3–98.7)

 Extra-atrial

 

100.0 (93.2–100.0)

50.0 (15.7–84.3)

 Total

 

98.0 (89.4–99.9)

50.0 (18.7–81.3)

Meggiolaro3 [32]

 Intra-atrial

 

95.8 (88.3–99.1)

48.5 (30.8–66.5)

 Extra-atrial

 

100.0 (96.0–100.0)

64.3 (35.1–87.2)

 Total

 

100.0 (96.0–100.0)

64.3 (35.1–87.2)

Vezzani [31]

 Intra-atrial

 

96.0 (88.8–99.2)

91.7 (73.0–99.0)

 Extra-atrial

 

100.0 (96.2–100.0)

100.0 (39.8–100.0)

 Total

 

95.8 (88.1–99.1)

92.9 (76.5–99.1)

Zanobetti3 [61]

 Intra-atrial

 

89.2 (81.5–94.5)

94.2 (87.9–97.9)

 Extra-atrial

 

100.0 (98.1–100.0)

55.6 (21.2–86.3)

 Total

 

100.0 (98.1–100.0)

55.6 (21.2–86.3)

  1. CEUS contrast enhance ultrasound, TTE transthoracic echocardiography
  2. 1One-sided 97.5% confidence interval (CI) in case specificity is estimated to be 100%
  3. 2One-sided 97.5% confidence interval in case sensitivity is estimated to be 100%
  4. 3Intra-atrial tip position was reported but was not considered to be a malposition
  5. 4No intra-atrial misplacements were detected