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Table 1 Adrenoceptors and vasoporessin and angiotensin receptors: subtypes, cellular mechanisms, vascular effects, and main localization

From: Vasoplegia treatments: the past, the present, and the future

Receptor type

Adrenoceptor α

Adrenoceptor β

Vasopressin receptor

Angiotensin receptor

 

α1

α2

β1

β2

β3

V1a

V1b

V2

AT-R1

AT-R2

Drug affinity

Ep = NEp

Ep > NEp

Ep < NEp

Ep > NEp

Ep = NEp

Vasopressin

Vasopressin

Vasopressin

Angiotensin II

Selipressin

Desmopressin

Terlipressin

Terlipressin

Vascular agonistic effects

Vasoconstriction

Vasorelaxation

Vasorelaxation

Vasorelaxation

Unknown

Vasoconstriction

NA

Vasorelaxation

Vasoconstriction

Vasorelaxation

Inflammation effect

Down-regulation ++

Down-regulation ++

Down-regulation +

Down-regulation +

Unknown

Down-regulation

Down-regulation

Down-regulation

Unknown

Unknown

Second messengers

PLC-DAG-IP3-PKC

AC-cAMP-PKA (−)

AC-cAMP-PKA (+)

 

Unknown

PLC-DAG-IP3-PKC

PLC-DAG-IP3-PKC

AC-cAMP

PLC-DAG-IP3-PKC

Unknown

Main localization

Post-synaptic receptors

Extrajunctional post-synaptic receptors

Post-synaptic receptors

Extrajunctional post-synaptic receptors

Unknown

Vascular smooth muscle cells

Anterior pituitary gland

Vascular smooth muscle cells

Medullary interstitial cells +++

Adrenal gland

 

Vascular smooth muscle cells α1>>α2

Vascular smooth muscle cells β2>>β1

Hepatocytes

Basolateral membrane of collecting duct

Brain

Brain

 

Coronary circulation (large artery)

Coronary circulation (large and small arteries) β1>>β2

Myometrium

Vascular endothelium

Myocytes

Myocytes

 

Cerebral circulation (not smaller vessels)

Cerebral circulation

Platelets

Vascular smooth muscle cells

 

Skeletal and pulmonary (α>>β)

Skeletal and pulmonary

Renal glomeruli and proximal tubules

  

Splanchnic

Splanchnic (β2>>β1)

  1. Inspired from [21]. Plus signs indicate stimulation; minus signs indicate inhibition; equal signs indicate similar drug affinity
  2. AC adenylate cyclase, cAMP cyclic adenosine monophosphate, DAG diacylglycerol, Ep Epinephrine, IP3 inositol 1,4,5 trisphosphate, NA not applicable, NEp Norepinephrine, PKA protein kinase A, PKC protein kinase C, PLC phospholipase C