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Table 1 Comparison of patients with intracranial hypertension treated or not with continuous hyperosmolar therapy (CHT)

From: Association between continuous hyperosmolar therapy and survival in patients with traumatic brain injury – a multicentre prospective cohort study and systematic review

Characteristics

Without intracranial hypertension

With intracranial hypertension

Not treated with CHT

Treated with CHT

P valuesa

Number of patients

541

402

143

 

Age, years

42 (25–58)

38 (24–53)

37 (21–57)

0.74

Male

430 (79.5)

323 (80.4)

114 (79.7)

0.87

Injury Severity Score

25 (16–34)

25 (17–33)

27 (25–41)

< 0.0001

Glasgow Coma Scale

6 (4–8)

5 (3–7)

6 (4–8)

0.0002

One or two non-reactive pupils, yes

98 (26)

102 (38.4)

45 (31.5)

0.17

Hypoxaemia, yes

62 (11.5)

79 (19.7)

41 (28.7)

0.03

Hypotension, yes

186 (34.4)

145 (36.1)

46 (32.2)

0.40

CT classification

   

0.002

 I

20 (3.8)

11(2.8)

1 (0.7)

 

 II

174 (32.9)

94 (23.7)

43 (30.1)

 

 III

28 (5.3)

35 (8.8)

15 (10.5)

 

 IV

20 (3.8)

24 (6.1)

21 (14.7)

 

 V

169 (32.0)

165 (41.6)

40 (28.0)

 

 VI

118 (22.3)

68 (17.1)

23 (16.1)

 

Corti-TC trial – inclusion, yes

161 (29.8)

134 (33.3)

31 (21.7)

0.009

Corti-TC trial – steroids, yes

85 (15.7)

63 (15.7)

16 (11.2)

0.191

BI-VILI trial – inclusion, yes

179 (33.1)

155 (38.6)

0 (0.0)

< .0001

BI-VILI trial – fully compliant, yes

1 (1.7)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

-

Management of intracranial hypertension, yes

 Hyperosmolar therapy (bolus)

NA

309 (76.9)

82 (57.3)

< 0.0001

 Barbiturate

NA

192 (47.8)

78 (54.6)

0.16

 Hypothermia

NA

111 (27.6)

62 (43.4)

0.0005

 Moderate hypocapnia

NA

61 (15.2)

5 (3.5)

0.0002

 Decompressive craniectomy

NA

87 (21.6)

14 (9.8)

0.002

Duration of invasive ventilation, days

10 (5–19)

18 (12–27)

18 (13–26)

0.79*

ICU length of stay, days

15 (9–25)

24 (16–34)

25 (18–35)

0.93*

Decision to withdraw care in ICU, yesb

38 (10.0)

46 (17.2)

23 (16.1)

0.77

Survival

 In ICU

489 (90.4)

269 (66.9)

106 (74.1)

0.11

 At day 90

475 (87.8)

265 (65.9)

106 (74.1)

0.07

GOS at day 90c

   

0.01

 Dead

66 (17.0)

137 (42.6)

37 (26.1)

 

 Vegetative

6 (1.5)

10 (3.1)

5 (3.5)

 

 Severe disability

84 (21.6)

60 (18.6)

36 (25.4)

 

 Moderate disability

87 (22.4)

52 (16.2)

34 (23.9)

 

 Good recovery

146 (37.5)

63 (19.6)

30 (21.3)

 

 Moderate to good recovery (GOS 4–5)

133 (59.9)

115 (35.8)

64 (45.2)

0.06

  1. Results express as median (25th–75th percentile) or number (percentage)
  2. Computed tomography (CT) classification: I, no visible intracranial pathology on CT scan; II, midline shift 0–5 mm; III, cisterns compressed or absent with midline shift 0–5 mm; IV, midline shift > 5 mm; V, any lesion surgically evacuated; VI, high-density or mixed-density lesion > 25 mm, not surgically evacuated
  3. ICU Intensive Care Unit, GOS Glasgow outcome scale
  4. aP values for comparisons between patients with intracranial hypertension treated or not with continuous hyperosmolar therapy
  5. bAvailable in 410 patients
  6. cAvailable in 322 patients (80%) untreated with continuous hyperosmolar therapy and in 142 patients (99%) treated with continuous hyperosmolar therapy
  7. *Log-rank test
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