Hyaluronic acid is associated with organ dysfunction in acute respiratory distress syndrome

Table 1 Demographics and clinical characteristics of patients at study enrollment

Characteristic	Values in patients (n = 86)
Age (years), mean ± SD	50 ± 17
Male sex, n (%)	54 (63)
Race, n (%)
White	76 (88)
African American	3 (4)
Other^a	7 (8)
Co-morbidities, n (%)
Fish oil treatment, n (%)	38 (44)
Diabetes mellitus	18 (21)
Liver cirrhosis	6 (7)
Chronic kidney disease	2 (2)
ARDS risk factor, n (%)
Direct^b	47 (55)
Indirect^c	39 (45)
ARDS classification of severity^d,e, n (%)
Mild	25 (29)
Moderate	49 (57)
Severe	10 (12)
APACHE II score, mean ± SD	22 ± 6
Sepsis, n (%)	56 (65)
Day-0 serum HA (ng/mL), median (IQR)	125.85 (55.81–241.58)
Day-0 BALF HA (ng/mL), median (IQR)^f	62.00 (20.78–215.95)
Lung injury score, mean ± SD	3 ± 1
Sequential organ failure assessment score, mean ± SD^g	9 ± 4
28-Day mortality, n (%)	13 (15)

ARDS acute respiratory distress syndrome, APACHE Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation, HA hyaluronic acid, BALF bronchoalveolar lavage fluid
^aIncludes American Indian, Asian, Pacific Islander, and unknown
^bDirect ARDS was defined as pneumonia, aspiration, inhalation injury, near drowning, or lung contusion as the risk factor for ARDS
^cIndirect ARDS was defined as extrapulmonary sepsis or nonthoracic trauma as the risk factor for ARDS
^dSeverity of ARDS was classified by the “Berlin” definition [22]
^eTwo patients did not have day-1 ratio of arterial oxygen partial pressure to fractional inspired oxyge (P/F) ratios recorded
^fTwo patients did not have day-0 BALF samples (n = 84)
^gHighest sequential organ failure assessment score in first 7 days of study

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