Table 1 Characteristics of study participants

Age, mean (SD), years

66.2 (16.3)

65.7 (16.3)

65.9 (16.3)

67.1 (16.4)

Gender, male (n, %)

504 (63.3%)

162 (62.1%)

187 (67.3%)

155 (60.3%)

APACHE 2, mean (SD)

21.0 (8.5)

21.0 (8.6)

21.5 (8.6)

20.5 (8.4)

SAPS 2, mean (SD)

49.4 (18.6)

48.5 (19.2)

50.9 (18.2)

48.8 (18.4)

SOFA, mean (SD)

7.2 (4.0)

7.1 (3.9)

7.5 (4.3)

7.0 (3.9)

 Immunodeficiency

39 (4.9%)

10 (3.8%)

17 (6.1%)

12 (4.7%)

 Steroid administration

90 (11.3%)

32 (12.3%)

35 (12.6%)

23 (9.0%)

 Trauma

64 (8.0%)

27 (10.3%)

16 (5.8%)

21 (8.2%)

 Cancer

84 (10.6%)

29 (11.1%)

31 (11.2%)

24 (9.3%)

 Diabetes

153 (19.2%)

57 (21.8%)

51 (18.4%)

45 (17.5%)

 HIV

1 (0.1%)

0 (0%)

1 (0.4%)

0 (0%)

 Cirrhosis

40 (5.0%)

13 (5.0%)

14 (5.0%)

13 (5.1%)

 Acute kidney injury

245 (30.8%)

85 (32.6%)

81 (29.1%)

79 (30.7%)

 Chronic kidney disease

137 (17.2%)

51 (19.5%)

47 (16.9%)

39 (15.2%)

 Medical

645 (81.0%)

203 (77.8%)

231 (83.1%)

211 (82.1%)

 Scheduled surgery

23 (2.9%)

9 (3.5%)

5 (1.8%)

9 (3.5%)

 Emergency surgery

128 (16.1%)

49 (18.8%)

42 (15.1%)

37 (14.4%)

Infections before catheter insertion (n, %)

448 (56.3%)

150 (57.5%)

162 (58.3%)

136 (52.9%)

 Central nervous system

4 (0.5%)

1 (0.4%)

2 (0.7%)

1 (0.4%)

 Pulmonary

195 (24.5%)

69 (26.5%)

63 (22.7%)

63 (24.5%)

 Cardiovascular

5 (0.6%)

2 (0.8%)

2 (0.7%)

1 (0.4%)

 Abdominal

92 (11.6%)

23 (8.9%)

44 (15.8%)

25 (9.7%)

 Urinary tract

44 (5.5%)

19 (7.3%)

10 (3.6%)

15 (5.8%)

 Skin

14 (1.8%)

7 (2.7%)

3 (1.1%)

4 (1.6%)

 Catheter

8 (1.0%)

2 (0.8%)

5 (1.8%)

1 (0.4%)

 Others

82 (10.3%)

25 (9.6%)

31 (11.2%)

26 (10.1%)

 None

351 (44.2%)

112 (43.1%)

118 (42.5%)

121 (47.1%)

Antibiotics before catheter insertion (n, %)

445 (55.9%)

153 (58.6%)

155 (55.8%)

137 (53.3%)