Table 1 Characteristics of the 12 included studies

Arima et al., 2014 [26]

Quasi-RCT

Prehospital

109

Age ≥ 18 years

No

Airway Scope vs. DL

Physicians (experienced)

None

None

Driver et al., 2016 [42]

RCT

ED

198

Adult patients

No

C-MAC vs. DL

Senior ED residents (most experienced)

Most

Most

Goksu et al., 2016 [27]

RCT

ED

150

Age ≥ 16 years

No

C-MAC vs. DL

ED residents and attending physicians (most inexperienced)

All

All^a

Griesdale et al., 2012 [23]

RCT

ICU

40

Age ≥ 16 years without cardiac arrest

Yes

GlideScope vs. DL

Novice providers (inexperienced)

All

All

Janz et al., 2016 [28]

RCT

ICU

150

Age ≥ 18 years

No

McGrath MAC (98.6%), GlideScope (1.4%) vs. DL

Trained pulmonary and critical care medicine fellows (inexperienced)

All

Most

Kim et al., 2016 [29]

RCT

ED

140

Adult patients with CPR

No

GlideScope vs. DL

Experienced intubators (>50 successful TIs)

None

None

Lascarrou et al., 2017 [30]

RCT

ICU

371

Adult patients without CPR

Yes

McGrath MAC vs. DL

311 inexperienced (84.8%) and 60 experienced intubators (most inexperienced)

All

All

Silverberg et al., 2015 [24]

Quasi-RCT

ICU

117

SpO₂ < 92% after mask ventilation excluded

Yes

GlideScope vs. DL

Trained pulmonary and critical care medicine fellows (inexperienced)

As needed

None

Sulser et al., 2016 [31]

RCT

ED

150

Adult patients without CPR

No

C-MAC vs. DL

Anesthesia consultants (experienced)

As needed

All

Trimmel et al., 2011 [41]

RCT

Prehospital

212

Adult patients

No

Airtraq vs. DL

Anesthesiologists or EMS physicians (experienced)

As needed

As needed

Trimmel et al., 2016 [32]

RCT

Prehospital

326

Adult patients

No

GlideScope vs. DL

EMS physicians (experienced)

As needed

As needed

Yeatts et al., 2013 [25]

RCT

ED

623

CPR patients excluded

No

GlideScope vs. DL

ED or anesthesiology residents (experienced)

All

All