Fig. 3

Extrapulmonary deposition expressed as percentage of nominal dose of nebulized drugs (Neb) during invasive mechanical ventilation. O’Riordan et al. [35] reported drug percentage trapped in the endotracheal tube during inspiration only (7% of nominal dose was exhaled particles trapped during expiration). This was not differentiated in other studies. *Drug deposition in the inspiratory limb only, the expiratory limb was not included. ^†Drug retention in the nebulizer reservoir, the T-piece and the Y-piece. ^‡Drug deposition in the endotracheal tube, the trachea and main bronchi