Key term | Description |
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General | Individualized—Treatments are unique to each individual Personalized—Treatments prioritize patient needs and preferences Precision—Treatments optimized for genetics, lifestyle, and environment Stratified—Setting of patient groups into narrow “strata” by tightly grouped biological features |
Grouping | Stratum—Tight groupings of patients defined by similar sets of biological features Phenotype—Clinical features or traits that characterize a group of patients within a disease or syndrome, including genetics, environmental factors, and other clinically observed characteristics Group—A portion of a patient population within a larger group showing decreased inter-subject variability and/or different prognosis and behavior of disease from the larger disease population |
Sub-grouping | Endotype—Biological subtypes defined by distinct pathophysiologic mechanisms within a phenotype Subphenotype—Similar to an endotype, but without necessarily showing mechanism or causality Subtype—A broader term for the division of a patient population by any observable characteristics |
Phenotype categories | Prognostic—Indicators used to inform about risks of various outcomes Predictive—Indicators providing information about the likelihood of response to a given treatment Drug response—Differential responses to drug based on phenotype defined by an indicator Device response—Differential responses to device based on phenotype defined by an indicator |
Heterogeneity of treatment effects (HTE) and enrichment | HTE—Differences in treatment responses in a group due to variability in drug response phenotype within that group Enrichment—A prospective strategy for addressing HTE by reducing heterogeneity of the sample population or increasing representation of patients with similar risk profiles |