Table 1 Overview of included studies
Study ID | Type of study | Date | Nation (main) | All patients treated by physicians | Patients | ISS similar between groups | RSI for all patients | Verified intubation in ED of control group patients | Type of mortality measure | Exclusion of patients dying in the pre-hospital or ED phase | Study size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Al-Thani 2014 [27] | Retrospective database study | 2010–2011 | Qatar | No | Trauma | No | Yes | Yes | Not specified | Patients who died on scene before ETI excluded | 311 |
Arbabi 2004 [28] | Retrospective database study | 1994–2001 | USA | No | Trauma | No | Medications given, not specified | Yes | Not specified | Not specified | 4317 |
Bernard 2010 [29] | Randomized Controlled Trial | 2004–2008 | Australia | No | TBI | Yes | Yes | Yes | In-hospital | No | 312 |
Bochicchio 2003 [30] | Observational Cohort study | 2000–2001 | USA | No | TBI | Yes | Yes | Yes | Not specified | Yes, within 48 hours (because of nonsalvageable TBI or donors) | 191 |
Bukur 2011 [31] | Retrospective database study | 2005–2009 | USA | No | TBI | No | No | Yes | Not specified | DOA, in the pre-hospital environment, died in the ED, or any AIS = 6 excluded | 2366 |
Davis 2005 (I) [33] | Retrospective database study | 1987–2003 | USA | No | TBI | No | No, only for some patients | Yes | Not specified | Death in the field or <30 minutes after ED admission excluded | 4247 |
Davis 2005 (II) [32] | Retrospective database study | 1987–2003 | USA | No | TBI | No | No, only for some patients | Yes | Not specified | Death in the field or <30 minutes after ED admission excluded | 2243 |
Eckert 2004 [35] | Retrospective database study | 1998–2002 | USA | No | Trauma | No | No | Yes | Not specified | Yes, up to 48 hours | 244 |
Eckert 2006 [34] | Retrospective database study | 1994–2003 | USA | No | Trauma | No | No | Yes | Not specified | Yes, up to 24 hours | 415 |
Eckstein 2000 [36] | Retrospective review of medical records | 1993–1995 | USA | No | Trauma | No | No | Yes | In-hospital | Some confirmed deaths in the ED included | 496 |
Evans 2010 [38] | Retrospective database study | 2007–2008 | USA | No | Trauma | Yes | Yes | Yes | In-hospital | Death or discharge within 48 hours excluded | 572 |
Evans 2013 [37] | Retrospective database study | 2002–2009 | Canada | No | TBI (trauma + GCS <9) | No | No | Yes | In-hospital | Patients that received pre- or in-hospital CPR excluded from mortality analysis | 1027 |
Franschman 2011 [39] | Retrospective database study | 2003–2007 | the Netherlands | No | TBI | No | No, only for some patients | Yes | In-hospital | Not specified, but only patients with a CT-confirmed TBI included. | 335 |
Irvin 2010 [40] | Retrospective database study | 2000− 2005 | USA | No | TBI (trauma + GCS 3) | No | No | Yes | In-hospital | Only patients with circulation at hospital admission included | 8748 |
Oswalt 1992 [41] | Retrospective database study | 1988–1989 | USA | No | Trauma | No | No | Yes | Not specified | Deaths during resuscitation in the ED excluded | 44 |
Shafi 2005 [42] | Retrospective database study | 1994–2002 | USA | No | Hypovolemic TBI (trauma + GCS <9) | No | No | Yes | In-hospital | ED deaths included Difference in mortality persisted in analysis of mortality for patients that survived beyond the ED | 8786 |
Sloane 2000 [17] | Retrospective database study | 1988–1995 | USA | No | Trauma | Yes | Yes | Yes | 30 days | Not specified | 75 |
Sollid 2010 [43] | Retrospective review of medical records | 1994–2005 | Norway | Yes, anaesthesiologists | Trauma | No | Yes | Yes | In-hospital | No | 287 |
Tracy 2006 [44] | Retrospective database study | 2002–2003 | USA | No | Trauma | No | No information | Yes | Not specified | Yes, up to 48 hours | 628 |
Tuma 2014 [45] | Retrospective database study | 2008–2011 | Qatar | No | TBI (head AIS ≥3 and GCS <9) | Yes | Yes | Yes | 30 days | Yes, up to 24 hours | 160 |
Vandromme 2011 [46] | Prospective cohort study | 2006–2009 | USA | No | TBI | No | No, only for some patients | Yes | Not specified | Not specified, but only patients with a CT-confirmed TBI included | 149 |
Wang 2004 [47] | Retrospective database study | 2000–2002 | USA | No | TBI | No | No, only for some patients | Yes | In-hospital | No, deaths in the ED included | 4098 |