Table 1 Patient characteristics

Age, years

64 (53–72)

64 (53–72)

66 (56–75)

<0.001

Male

63% (5719)

63.4% (5118)

59.7% (601)

0.02

Admission through ED

27% (2415)

24.0% (1935)

47.7% (480)

<0.001

 Medical

7.0% (632)

6.7% (540)

9.1% (70)

0.006

 Vascular, abdominal, miscellaneous surgery

20.9% (1900)

22% (1775)

12.4% (125)

<0.001

 Neurosurgery

9.8% (893)

10.7% (866)

2.7% (27)

<0.001

 Transplantation

1.2% (112)

1.3% (104)

0.8% (8)

NS

 Cardiothoracic surgery

41.0% (3716)

43.9% (3542)

17.3% (174)

<0.001

 Trauma

3.1% (280)

3.2% (258)

2.2% (22)

NS

 Miscellaneous

17.0% (1541)

12.2% (982)

55.5% (559)

<0.001

APACHE IV score

48 (35–64)

45 (33–59)

87 (67–113)

<0.001

Body mass index, kg/m²

25.9 (23.5–28.7)

26.0 (23.7–28.8)

25.5 (23.1–28.2)

0.001

Diabetes

17% (1534)

16.6% (1337)

19.6% (197)

0.02

Mean 24 h insulin (IU/h)

0.63 (0.08–1.35)

0.62 (0.06–1.31)

0.77 (0.16–1.74)

<0.001

Steroids within 18 h of ICU admission

13% (1209)

12.0% (966)

24.1% (243)

<0.001