High-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy is superior to conventional oxygen therapy but not to noninvasive mechanical ventilation on intubation rate: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Table 1 Main characteristics of the 11 studies included in the meta-analysis

Study	Country	Setting	Study design	Patients	Control	Duration (h)	Primary outcomes	Secondary outcomes
Study	Country	Setting	Study design	Patients	Control	Duration (h)	Intubation	Mechanical ventilation	Escalation	Mortality
Bell N, 2015^a [13]	Australia	ED	Multi-centre	Acute undifferentiated shortness of breath	FM/nasal prongs	2 h	Yes	Yes	Yes	No
Corley A, 2015^a [44]	Australia	ICU	Multi-centre	Post-extubation after cardiac surgery with BMI ≥30 kg/m²	FM/nasal cannula	24 h	Yes	Yes	Yes	No
Frat JP, 2015 [18]	France	ICU	Multi-centre	AHRF (without hypercapnia)	FM/NIV	48 h	Yes/yes	Yes/-	Yes/yes	Yes/yes
Hernandez G¹, 2016 [19]	Spain	ICU	Multi-centre	Post-extubation RF in low risk for reintubation	FM/nasal cannula	24 h	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Jones PG, 2015 [20]	New Zealand	ED	Single-centre	Hypoxia and tachypnea	FM/nasal prongs	3 h	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Lemiale V, 2015 [45]
	France	ICU	Multi-centre	Immunocompromised patients with AHRF	FM	2 h	Yes	Yes	Yes	No
Maggiore SM, 2014 [21]	Italy	ICU	Multi-centre	Post-extubation ARF	FM	48 h	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Parke R, 2013^a [22]	New Zealand	CVICU	Single-centre	Post-extubation after cardiac surgery	FM/or nasal prongs	24 h	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Parke R, 2011 [46]	New Zealand	CVICU	Single-centre	Mild to moderate AHRF	FM	24 h	_	Yes	Yes	No
Stephan F, 2015 [47]	France	CTVS ICU	Multi-centre	ARF after cardiothoracic surgery	NIV	Period of ICU stay	Yes	_	Yes	Yes
Hernandez G², 2016 [25]	Spain	ICU	Multi-centre	Post-extubation RF in high risk for reintubation	NIV	24 h	Yes	_	Yes	Yes

CTVS cardiothoracic and vascular surgery, ICU intensive care units, CVICU cardiothoracic and vascular ICU, COT conventional oxygen therapy, NIV noninvasive mechanical ventilation, ED emergency department, BMI body mass index, AHRF acute hypoxaemic respiratory failure, RF respiratory failure, FM face mask
^aIn these studies, the group of patients who received COT could be escalated to HFNC if necessary, whereas the other patients were not escalated to HFNC
Hernandez G¹ [19] 2016 and Hernandez G² [25] 2016 were two articles from the same trial

ISSN: 1364-8535