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Table 1 Selected characteristics of studies included in the systematic review

From: Treatment of severe hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated pneumonia: a systematic review of inclusion and judgment criteria used in randomized controlled trials

First author

Year of publication

Tested molecule

Comparator

Statistical design

Blinded

Causative pathogen

Patients with VAP (ITT or mITT, %)

Number of ITT patients

Patient with positive respiratory samples (% of ITT/primary endpoint population)

Mean age ± SDa

Mean Apache II score ± SDa

Duration of study therapy, (days)

Cure rate (%)

Mortality rate (%)

Jaccard

1998

Piperacillin/tazobactam

Imipenem/cilastatin

NM

Yes

All pathogens

NM

154

81/81

59.7 ± 16.9

14.9 ± 6.8

7–14

77

8.4l

Brun-Buisson

1998

Piperacillin/tazobactam + amikacin

Ceftazidim + amikacin

Equivalence

No

All pathogens

100

204

62/100

55.5 ± 16

37.4 ± 1.4f

15–21

42

20i

Fagon

2000

Quinupristin/dalfopristin

Vancomycin

Equivalence

No

Only Gram-positive pathogens

70

304

73/100

57 ± 18

15 ± 6.9

5–14

44

23k

Torres

2000

Ciprofloxacin

Imipenem/cilastatin

NM

No

All pathogens

NM

149

68/100

61 ± 16

13.8 ± 8

NM

68

16k

Alvarez-Lerma

2001

Piperacillin/tazobactam + amikacin

Ceftazidim + amikacin

Equivalence

No

All pathogens

85

124

56/64

59 ± 19

16.7 ± 6.5

NM

48

35k

Nicolau

2001

Continuous ceftazidime

Intermittent ceftazidime

NM

No

All pathogens

91

35

68/80

51 ± 18

14.5 ± 5.5

NM

37

NM

Rubinstein

2001

Linezolid

Vancomycin

Equivalence

Yes

All pathogens

63

396

42//NM

62 ± 18

15.5 ± 6.8

7

52

21k

Wunderlink

2003

Linezolid

Vancomycin

Equivalence

Yes

All pathogens

35

623

71//100

62.5 ± 19.1

14.1 ± 6

7–21

53

20j

Zanetti

2003

Cefepim

Imipenem/cilastatin

Non inferiority

Yes

All pathogens

NM

209

NM/71

54 ± 18

15 ± 6.5

NM

39

22i

Shorr

2005

Levofloxacin

Imipenem/cilastatin

Non inferiority

No

All pathogens

100

222

>50/>50

53 ± 21

15 ± 14

NM

61 g

NM

Joshi

2006

Piperacillin/tazobactam + tobramycin

Imipenem/cilastatin + tobramycin

Equivalence

Yes

All pathogens

69

437

92//100

52.3 ± 20

13.5

>5

53

NM

Schmidt

2006

Piperacillin/tazobactam

Imipenem/cilastatin

NM

Yes

All pathogens

NM

221

100/100

67 ± 13.7

13.4 ± 4.2

5–21

68 g

13k

Betrosian

2008

Ampicillin-sulbactam

Colistin

NM

No

Acinetobacter baumanii

100

28

100/100

70 ± 7

14 ± 3.5

8–10

68

28h

Chastre

2008

Doripenem

Imipenem/cilastatin

Non inferiority

No

All pathogens

100

531

78/82

50,5 ± 19

RS 59 < 15

7–14

58

10h

Giamarallos-Bourboulls

2008

ATB + clarithromycin

ATB + placebo

NM

yes

All pathogens

100

200

100/100

58.4 ± 18.4

17 ± 6

NM

75

25i

Heyland

2008

Meropenem + ciprofloxacin

Meropenem

Superiority

no

All pathogens

100

740

82/82

59 ± 17.8

20 ± 6.3

NM

NM

19h

Freire

2010

Tigecyclin

Imipenem/cilastatin

Non inferiority

yes

All pathogens

26.8

945

65/62

57.4 ± 18.6

RS 396 > 15

7–14

52

13k

Jung

2010

Vancomycin + rifampicin

Vancomycin

Superiority

no

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

73

83

100/100

69 (28-98)b

24 (15–38)b

14

42

30h

Rattanaum-pawan

2010

ATB + nebulized colistimetate

ATB + placebo

Superiority

no

Only Gram-negative pathogens

100

102

100/100

68 ± 16.5

18.7 ± 5

NS

52

42h

Lu

2011

Nebulized ceftazidime + amikacin

IV ceftazidim + amikacin

NM

No

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

100

40

100/100

59 ± 16

33 ± 13f

8

72

18h

Rubinstein

2011

Telavancin

Vancomycin

Non inferiority

Yes

Only Gram-positive pathogens

28

1503

60/73

62 ± 18

15.5 ± 6.2

7–21

59

19h

Aydemir

2012

Colistin

Colistin + rifampicin

NM

No

Acinetobacter baumanii

100

43

100/100

61 ± 20

19.1 ± 6

NS

46

67k

Kollef

2012

Doripenem

Imipenem

Non inferiority

Yes

All pathogens

100

227

74/100

54.7 ± 17.6

RSe

7–10

52

18h

Wunderlink

2012

Linezolid

Vancomycin

Non inferiority

Yes

Staphylococcus aureus

63

448

100/100

61 ± 18

17 ± 6

7–14

50

16j

Ramirez

2013

Tigecyclin Low dose/Tigecyclin High dose

Imipenem/cilastatin

Non inferiority

Yes

All pathogens

39

105

63/71

62 ± 15

13.8

NS

59

16k

Awad

2014

Ceftobiprol medocaril

Ceftazidim + vancomycin

Non inferiority

Yes

All pathogens

27

781

69/NM

RSc

RSd

7–14

51

17i

Kollef

2016

Imipenem or meropenem + Nebulized amikacin and fosfomycin

Imipenem or meropenem + placebo

NM

Yes

Only Gram-negative pathogens

100

143

100/100

62 ± 11

18.4 ± 5.9

10

23

20

  1. APACHE Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation, ITT intention-to-treat, mITT microbiological ITT, NM not mentioned, RS reported by stratum only, SAPS Simplified Acute Physiology Score, SD standard deviation, VAP ventilator-associated pneumonia
  2. aAs provided in reports
  3. bMedian (range)
  4. c362 patients were >65 years old
  5. d205 patients had an APACHE II score >15
  6. e128 patients had an APACHE II score >15
  7. fMean ± SD SAPS
  8. gClinical success rate (include clinical cure and clinical improvement)
  9. hDay-28 mortality
  10. iDay-30 mortality
  11. jDay-60 mortality
  12. kMortality at the end of the study
  13. lInfection-related mortality