The future of mechanical ventilation: lessons from the present and the past

Table 2 Mechanical ventilation settings through the years

	Brochard et al. [45]		Stewart et al. [46]		Brower et al. [47]		ARDS Network [35]		Esteban et al. [62]	Brower et al. [75]		Meade et al. [76]		Briel et al. [77]		Villar et al. [63]	Guerin et al. [73]	Bellani et al. [64]
Type	RCT		RCT		RCT		RCT		Observation	RCT		RCT		Meta-analysis		Observation	RCT	Observation
Year	1998		1998		1999		2000		2002	2004		2008		2010		2011	2013	2016
Number of patients	58	58	60	60	100	100	387	405	231	236	258	508	475	1163	1136	255	229^a	2377
Vt/PBW (ml/kg)	7.1	10.3	7.0	10.7	10.2	7.3	6.2	11.8	8.7	6.1	6	6.8	6.8	6.3	6.3	7.2	6.1	7.6
RR (bpm)			22.1	15.6			29	16	20	29	29	26	25.2				27	20.8
Peak pressure (cmH₂O)			24.2	32.1			32	39	34									27
Plateau pressure (cmH₂O)	25.7	31.7	22.3	26.8	30.6	24.9	25	33	28	24	27	24.9	30.2	23	29	26	23	23
PEEP (cmH₂O)	10.7	10.7	8.6	7.2	~8.2	~9.5	9.4	8.6	8	8.9	14.7	10.1	15.6	9	15	9.3	10	8.5
Mortality (%)	46.6^b	37.9^b	50^c	47^c	46^c	50^c	31^c	39.8^c	52^c	24.9^c	27.5^c	32.3^d	28.4^d	36.6^c	30.3^c	42.7^c	32,8^d	35.3^c

PBW predicted body weight, PEEP positive end-expiratory pressure, RCT randomized controlled trial, RR respiratory rate, Vt tidal volume
^a Supine group only
^b Fourteen-day mortality
^c ICU/hospital mortality
^d Twenty-eight-day mortality

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