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Table 1 Baseline characteristics

From: Myocardial and haemodynamic responses to two fluid regimens in African children with severe malnutrition and hypovolaemic shock (AFRIM study)

Category

Feature present at admission

Group 1 Bolus + rehydration

Group 2 Rehydration only

P value

Total number

 

N

11

n

9

N/A

Malnutrition type

Oedematous (Kwashiorkor)

10

(90.9%)

5

(55.6%)

0.08

Sex

Male (%)

5

(45.5%)

7

(77.8%)

0.15

Age

Median age (months)

21

(12–43)

24

(9–49)

0.65

Anthropometry

Median weight (kg)

6.1

(5–10)

6

(4–10)

0.91

Median MUAC (cm)

11.5

(8.5–12.4)

10.2

(7–12.3)

0.20

Clinical

Fever (axillary temperature >37.5 °C)

0

(0%)

0

(0%)

N/A

Hypothermia (axillary temperature <35.0 °C)

5

(45.5%)

2

(22.2%)

0.19

Tachypnoea (respiratory rate >40 breaths/minute)

4

(36.4%)

6

(66.7%)

0.52

Chest indrawing

10

(100%)

9

(100%)

N/A

Deep breathing (respiratory distress)

9

(90%)

4

(44.4%)

0.04

Hypoxia (percutaneous oxygen saturation <90%)

5

(45.5%)

5

(62.5%)

0.45

Tachycardiaa

1

(9.1%)

4

(44.4%)

0.09

Bradycardia (heart rate <80 beats/minute)

1

(9.1%)

1

(11.1%)

0.32

Prolonged capillary refill time (>3 seconds)

5

(45.5%)

4

(44.4%)

0.59

Weak pulse volume

7

(63.6%)

6

(66.7%)

0.89

Temperature gradient

11

(100%)

9

(100%)

N/A

Decreased skin turgor (dehydration)

6

(54.5%)

7

(77.8%)

0.82

Prostration or coma

9

(81.8%)

4

(44.4%)

0.18

Shock

WHO shock definitionb

4

(36.4%)

3

(33.3%)

0.58

Heart failure definition

(see Table 2: definitions of heart failure)

Congestive cardiac failure (CCF)

1

(9.1%)

2

(22.2%)

0.70

Myocardial dysfunction (MD)

2

(18.2%)

1

(11.1%)

0.35

Elevated brain natriuretic protein (BNP)

6

(54.5%)

2

(22.2%)

0.39

All three (CCF, MD plus BNP)

1

(9.1%)

1

(11.1%)

0.67

Laboratory

Severe anaemia (haemoglobin <5 g/dL)

2

(22.2%)

0

(0%)

0.27

Leukocytosis (white blood cell count >12.5 × 1012/L)

6

(66.7%)

3

(37.5%)

0.56

Thrombocytopenia (platelet count <160 × 1012/L)

5

(55.6%)

6

(75%)

0.28

Severe hyponatremia (sodium <125 mmol/L)

4

(36.4%)

5

(62.5%)

0.41

Severe hypokalemia (potassium <2.5 mmol/L)

5

(50%)

3

(37.5%)

0.37

Hypoglycaemia (blood glucose <3 mmol/L)

1

(12.5%)

5

(62.5%)

0.02

Hypercreatinaemia (creatinine >80 μmol/L)

4

(40%)

3

(37.5%)

0.82

Hyperlacataemia (lactate >3 mmol/L)

3

(33.3%)

3

(33.3%)

N/A

Microbiology/malaria

Malaria parasitaemia (blood film)

5

(55.6%)

3

(42.9%)

0.63

  1. MUAC mid-upper arm circumference, WHO World Health Organization. aTachycardia (European Paediatric Life Support): heart rate > 160 beats/minute at age <12 months old; >120 beats/minute at age 12 months to 5 years. WHO shock determined by all four of the following: delayed capillary refill time of >3 sec, weak and fast pulse, cold extremities and lethargy or unconsciousness