Category | Feature present at admission | Group 1 Bolus + rehydration | Group 2 Rehydration only | P value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total number | Â | N | 11 | n | 9 | N/A |
Malnutrition type | Oedematous (Kwashiorkor) | 10 | (90.9%) | 5 | (55.6%) | 0.08 |
Sex | Male (%) | 5 | (45.5%) | 7 | (77.8%) | 0.15 |
Age | Median age (months) | 21 | (12–43) | 24 | (9–49) | 0.65 |
Anthropometry | Median weight (kg) | 6.1 | (5–10) | 6 | (4–10) | 0.91 |
Median MUAC (cm) | 11.5 | (8.5–12.4) | 10.2 | (7–12.3) | 0.20 | |
Clinical | Fever (axillary temperature >37.5 °C) | 0 | (0%) | 0 | (0%) | N/A |
Hypothermia (axillary temperature <35.0 °C) | 5 | (45.5%) | 2 | (22.2%) | 0.19 | |
Tachypnoea (respiratory rate >40 breaths/minute) | 4 | (36.4%) | 6 | (66.7%) | 0.52 | |
Chest indrawing | 10 | (100%) | 9 | (100%) | N/A | |
Deep breathing (respiratory distress) | 9 | (90%) | 4 | (44.4%) | 0.04 | |
Hypoxia (percutaneous oxygen saturation <90%) | 5 | (45.5%) | 5 | (62.5%) | 0.45 | |
Tachycardiaa | 1 | (9.1%) | 4 | (44.4%) | 0.09 | |
Bradycardia (heart rate <80 beats/minute) | 1 | (9.1%) | 1 | (11.1%) | 0.32 | |
Prolonged capillary refill time (>3Â seconds) | 5 | (45.5%) | 4 | (44.4%) | 0.59 | |
Weak pulse volume | 7 | (63.6%) | 6 | (66.7%) | 0.89 | |
Temperature gradient | 11 | (100%) | 9 | (100%) | N/A | |
Decreased skin turgor (dehydration) | 6 | (54.5%) | 7 | (77.8%) | 0.82 | |
Prostration or coma | 9 | (81.8%) | 4 | (44.4%) | 0.18 | |
Shock | WHO shock definitionb | 4 | (36.4%) | 3 | (33.3%) | 0.58 |
Heart failure definition (see Table 2: definitions of heart failure) | Congestive cardiac failure (CCF) | 1 | (9.1%) | 2 | (22.2%) | 0.70 |
Myocardial dysfunction (MD) | 2 | (18.2%) | 1 | (11.1%) | 0.35 | |
Elevated brain natriuretic protein (BNP) | 6 | (54.5%) | 2 | (22.2%) | 0.39 | |
All three (CCF, MD plus BNP) | 1 | (9.1%) | 1 | (11.1%) | 0.67 | |
Laboratory | Severe anaemia (haemoglobin <5Â g/dL) | 2 | (22.2%) | 0 | (0%) | 0.27 |
Leukocytosis (white blood cell count >12.5 × 1012/L) | 6 | (66.7%) | 3 | (37.5%) | 0.56 | |
Thrombocytopenia (platelet count <160 × 1012/L) | 5 | (55.6%) | 6 | (75%) | 0.28 | |
Severe hyponatremia (sodium <125Â mmol/L) | 4 | (36.4%) | 5 | (62.5%) | 0.41 | |
Severe hypokalemia (potassium <2.5Â mmol/L) | 5 | (50%) | 3 | (37.5%) | 0.37 | |
Hypoglycaemia (blood glucose <3Â mmol/L) | 1 | (12.5%) | 5 | (62.5%) | 0.02 | |
Hypercreatinaemia (creatinine >80 μmol/L) | 4 | (40%) | 3 | (37.5%) | 0.82 | |
Hyperlacataemia (lactate >3Â mmol/L) | 3 | (33.3%) | 3 | (33.3%) | N/A | |
Microbiology/malaria | Malaria parasitaemia (blood film) | 5 | (55.6%) | 3 | (42.9%) | 0.63 |