Table 1 Baseline characteristics and outcomes

 Age, years

52.0 (41.0–62.0)

62.1 (47.4–73.0)

<0.001

 Male sex, n (%)

393 (51.8)

197 (60.4)

0.009

 BMI, kg/m²

22.2 (21.6–23.1)

22.4 (21.8–23.3)

0.324

 Hypertension, n (%)

117 (15.4)

115 (35.3)

<0.001

 DM, n (%)

42 (5.5)

51 (15.6)

<0.001

 CKD, n (%)

16 (2.1)

44 (13.5)

<0.001

 Chronic liver disease, n (%)

10 (1.3)

19 (5.8)

<0.001

 Stroke, n (%)

80 (10.6)

73 (22.4)

<0.001

 COPD, n (%)

16 (2.1)

14 (4.3)

0.044

 CAD, n (%)

20 (2.6)

32 (9.8)

<0.001

 HF, n (%)

13 (1.7)

30 (9.2)

<0.001

 Cancer, n (%)

79 (10.4)

52 (16.0)

0.01

 Thyroid disease, n (%)

23 (3.0)

14 (4.3)

0.295

Sepsis, n (%)

149 (19.7)

179 (54.9)

<0.001

Admission type, n (%)

<0.001

 Elective surgical, n (%)

555 (73.2)

110 (33.7)

 Emergency surgical, n (%)

88 (11.6)

68 (20.9)

 Medical, n (%)

115 (15.2)

148 (45.4)

Baseline serum creatinine, mg/dl

0.69 (0.58–0.83)

0.74 (0.57–0.95)

0.018

Baseline eGFR, ml/minute/1.73 m²

110.20 (94.40–133.60)

105.60 (77.15–141.70)

0.033

Serum creatinine at admission, mg/dl

0.77 (0.64–0.92)

1.07 (0.82–1.45)

<0.001

APACHE II score

10 (8–14)

17 (11–26)

<0.001

UP, ml/kg/h

1.99 (1.48–2.62)

1.76 (1.08–2.46)

<0.001

 Length of ICU stay, days

3 (2–4)

5 (3–10)

<0.001

 Length of hospital stay, days

12 (8–16)

14 (9–23)

<0.001

 RRT during ICU stay, n (%)

4 (0.5)

20 (6.1)

<0.001

 ICU mortality, n (%)

20 (2.6)

46 (14.1)

<0.001

 In-hospital mortality, n (%)

28 (3.7)

51 (15.6)

<0.001