Antipsychotic prescribing patterns during and after critical illness: a prospective cohort study

Table 1 Demographics and clinical characteristics

Characteristics^a	Antipsychotic non-users N = 292	Antipsychotic users N = 208	p
Age, years	58 (45–66)	59 (49–69)	0.14
Female, N (%)	141 (48.3)	95 (45.7)	0.56
Caucasian, N (%)	248 (84.9)	191 (91.8)	0.08
Baseline cognitive impairment, N (%)^b	30 (10.3)	29 (13.9)	0.21
Charlson Comorbidity Index	2 (1–4)	2 (1–4)	0.33
APACHE II score at study enrollment	25 (18–31)	26 (22–32)	0.10
SOFA score at study enrollment	9 (7–13)	10 (7–12)	0.52
ICU type, N (%)			0.22
Medical	183 (62.7)	119 (57.2)
Surgical	109 (37.3)	89 (42.8)
ICU admission diagnoses, N (%)			0.29
Sepsis/ARDS	83 (28.4)	77 (37.0)
Surgery^c	65 (22.2)	43 (20.7)
CHF/MI/arrhythmia	59 (20.2)	23 (11.1)
Altered mental status	37 (12.7)	26 (12.5)
COPD/asthma	14 (4.8)	5 (2.4)
Other^d	34 (11.6)	34 (16.3)
Mechanical ventilation at enrollment, N (%)	243 (83.2)	193 (92.8)	0.002
ICU length of stay, days	3 (2–6)	9 (4–14)	<0.0001
Delirium
Prevalence during study period, N (%)	178 (61.0)	193 (92.8)	<0.0001
Duration, days	1 (0–3)	5 (2–8)	<0.0001

^aValues are shown as median (interquartile range) unless otherwise noted
^bPatients with a Short IQCODE score ≥3.3 were considered to have pre-existing cognitive impairment of mild to moderate severity. We excluded patients from study enrollment with dementia that prevented them from living independently and/or with a Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) score of 3 or more, indicative of severe dementia
^cExcluding cardiac and neurological surgery
^dIncluding cirrhosis/hepatic failure, gastrointestinal bleeding, malignancy, metabolic disarray, hemoptysis, pulmonary embolism, renal failure, and seizure/status epilepticus
ARDS acute respiratory distress syndrome, ADL activities of daily living, APACHE II Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II, CHF congestive heart failure, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, IQCODE Informant Questionnaire of Cognitive Decline in the Elderly, IADL instrumental activities of daily living, MI myocardial infarction, ICU intensive care unit, SOFA Sequential Organ Failure Assessment

ISSN: 1364-8535