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Table 1 Data on extracorporeal removal and PK/PD parameters obtained from literature analysis

From: Effects of continuous renal replacement therapy on linezolid pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamics: a systematic review

  

2016; Roger et al.

2005; Meyer et al.

2005; Meyer et al.

2004; Fiaccadori et al.

2004; Pea et al.

2016. Roger et al.

2012 Carcelero et al.

2006; Mauro et al.

2014; Zoller et al.

2012; Ide et al.

2003; Kraft et al.

2015; Villa et al.

2014; Zoller et al.

Prospective RCT

Prospective observational study

Prospective observational study

Prospective observational study

Prospective observational case report

Prospective RCT

Prospective observational case report

Prospective observational case report

Prospective observational study

Abstract

Prospective observational case report

Prospective observational case report

Prospective observational study

Treatment parameters

Number of procedures

8

7

13

2

2

9

2

1

2

14

1

3

3

Treatment

CVVH-post

CVVH-post

CVVH-post

CVVH-pre

CVVH-pre

CVVHDF-post

CVVHDF-pre

CVVHDF-pre

CVVHDF-?

CVVHDF-?

CVVHDF-?

CVVHD

CVVHD

Membrane

HF

HF

HF

HF

HF

HF

HF

HF

HF

HF

HF

HCO PAES

HF

PS

PS

PS

PAN

PS

PS

PAN

PAN

PS

PS

PS

PS

1.2 m2

1.2 m2

0.9 m2

1.65 m2

1.25 m2

1.2 m2

0.9 m2

1 m2

1.4 m2

?

1.6 m2

1.1 m2

1.8 m2

Qb (ml/min)

200 (185–245)

189 ± 15

185 ± 15

150

125 (120–130)

200 (165–200)

165 (150–180)

200

130 (100–150)

79.3 ± 2.7

200

150

120 (80–150)

Qd (L/h)

     

1.14a

1 (1–1)

1.2a

1.4 (1.2–1.5)

0.52 ± 0.31

2

3a (2.9–3.2)

1.6 (1–2)

Qf (L/h)

1.67a

2.5 ± 0.6

2.3 ± 0.4

2.25 (2–2.5)

2 (2–2)

1.22a

1.5 (1–2)

0.2

1.5 (1–2)

0.33 ± 0.15

0.75

-

 

QfNET (ml/h)

0–200

   

115 (80–150)

0–200

100 (50–150)

 

125 (50–200)

 

774

100

100 (50–200)

UFNET (L)

3.6 (0.2–4.3)

    

1.1 (0.4–1.6)

       

BW

76 (55–92)

90 ± 22a

83 ± 15a

64 (57–72)

64.5 (54–75)

76 (55–92)

67.5 (55–80)

125

  

100

86 (83–90)

 

Prescribed dose (ml/kg/h)

30

  

35 (35–35)

33.6 (29–39)

30

41.2a (27–56)

11.2

  

27.7a

30

 

Effective time of treatment (min)

715 (697–751)

  

675 (630–720)

 

745 (645–733)

  

3990

   

5000

APACHE II

 

30 ± 5 (24–40)

26 ± 8 (7–32)

27 (27–27)

  

27 (26–28)

 

31.5 (28–35)

   

25 (23–28)

SOFA at RRT initiation

12 (10–16)

    

13 (6–17)

15 (15–15)

    

14.3 (13–15)

 

Parameters of CRRT removal

SA/SC (%)

 

77 ± 10 (62–86)

69 ± 10 (53–91)

59 (56–61)

84 (76–92)

 

78 (74–82)

  

0.86 ± 0.03

79

74 (66–80)

 

Qef (L/h)

1.98a

2.5 ± 0.6 (1.5–3)

2.3 ± 0.4 (1.5–3)

 

2.1 (2.1–2.2)

2.4a

2.6a (2.2–3.1)

1.4a

  

2.8

3a (2.9–3.2)

 

Qef (ml/kg/h)

26a

27.8a (16.3–40)

27.7a (15–37.5)

  

32.2a

     

30

 

XCRRT (mg)

   

89.9 (75–105)

237 (160–314)

 

218.9 (154–283)

50.1

   

197.6 (154–266)

 

CLCRRT (L/h)

 

2.3 ± 0.9 (1.3–4.3)

1.6 ± 0.5 (0.9–2.7)

1.2 (1.2–1.3)

1.4 (1-2–1.6)

 

2.1 (1.8–2.3)

0.9

  

2.2

2.3 (2.1–2.5)

 

PK and PD parameters

Cmax (mg/L)

~19b

12.4 ± 2.3 (7.6–10.5)

16.9 ± 3.8 (11.4–21.9)

19.93 (15.9–23.9)

28.67 (17.1–40.3)

~18b

18.85 (16.5 − 21.2)

15.3

  

16.4

17.13 (10.4–23.5)

 

Cmin (mg/L)

~6b

1.7 ± 1.2 (0.3–3.7)

2 ± 1.9 (0.3 − 8)

 

14.1 (6.5–21.7)

~4b

5.4 (5.2–5.6)

3.8

9.4 (4.2–14.5)

 

7.2

6.2 (2.9–10.3)

8.5 (3.7–18.7)

T1/2 (h)

 

4.6 ± 1.6 (2.4–7.1)

4.1 ± 1.8 (2.1 − 8.4)

4.6 (2.6–6.5)

15.5 (12.5–-18.5)

 

6.2 (4.9–7.4)

  

8.78 ± 3.74

7.5

7.7 (6.1–10.1)

 

AUC0-∞ (mg•h/L)

227.9 ± 115

67.6 (34–118)

85.7 (40–244)

 

444.6 (219–669)

227.9 ± 115

263.5 (214–312)

105.8a

303.9 (165–442)

247.9 ± 107.8

 

208.2 (95–352)

283.1 (144–453)

Vd (L)

26.5 ± 10.3

60.5 ± 8.6 (42.9–70.8)

46.3 ± 11.1 (29.9–70.7)

31.4 (25.2–37.6)

67.9 (91.5–44.3)

26.5 ± 10.3

44 (29.2–58.8)

  

31 ± 3.8

49

48.9 (39.9–57.9)

 

CLtot (L/h)

4.5

10.4 ± 3.9 (5.1–17.6)

8.7 ± 3.0 (2.5–14.7)

 

3.6 (1.8–5.5)

5.9

4.5 (3.6–5.3)

11.3

 

294 ± 1.38

5.1

3.8 (1.7–6.3)

 

CLCRRT/CLtot (%)

 

22.6a

18.7a

 

48.89 (28.7–69.1)

 

48.9a (33.9–63.9)

7.9a

  

43.1

67.1 (39.6–100)

 

AUC0-∞/MIC 4 mg/L

 

33.8a

42.8a

 

111.1 (54–167)

 

65.9a (53–78)

26.5a

   

52.0 (23–88)

 

AUC0-∞/MIC 2 mg/L

 

67.6a

85.7a

 

222.3 (109–334)

 

131.8a (107–156)

52.9a

   

104.1 (47–176)

 

AUCfree/MIC 4 mg/L

           

35.9 (16–61)

 

AUCfree/MIC 2 mg/L

           

71.8 (33–122)

 

% T > MIC 4 mg/L

 

51 ± 19 (26–88)

61 ± 36 (31–164)

          

% T > MIC 2 mg/L

 

89 ± 32 (46–137)

96 ± 50 (48–234)

          
  1. aCalculated from data presented in the original paper. bDerived from figures presented in the original paper. Qb blood flow, Qd dialysate flow, Qf replacement flow, Qf NET net ultrafiltration flow, UF NET net ultrafiltrate, BW body weight, APACHE II Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II, SOFA Sequential Organ Failure Assessment, SA/SC saturation coefficient or sieving coefficient, Qeff effluent flow, X CRRT total amount of drug eliminated by the extracorporeal treatment, CL CRRT extracorporeal clearance, Cmax antibiotic maximum serum concentration, Cmin antibiotic trough, T 1/2 elimination half-life, AUC area under the curve, Vd volume of distribution, CLtot total clearance