|
Montecalvo et al., 1992 [54]a
|
Medical and surgical
|
RCT
|
38
|
50.5 years in the intervention group, 44.8 years in the control group
|
60.5
|
Acute physiology score of APACHE II 24.0 in the intervention group, 21.7 in the control group
|
Not reported Probably all
|
Jejunal feeding (1182 ± 603 kcal; 46.9 ± 25.9 % of goal)
|
Gastric feeding (1466 ± 398 kcal; 61.0 ± 17 % of goal)
|
As long as tube feeding was required Mean tube feeding was 10 days
|
|
Kearns et al., 2000 [55]
|
Medical
|
RCT
|
44
|
54 years in the intervention group, 49 years in the control group
|
68
|
22 in the intervention group, 20 in the control group
|
100 %
|
Small intestinal feeding (1157 ± 86 kcal; 18 ± 1 kcal/kg/day; 69 ± 7 % of caloric requirement) Protein intake: 0.7 ± 0.1 g/kg/kg/day
|
Gastric feeding (812 ± 122 kcal; 12 ± 2 kcal/kg/day; 47 ± 7 % of caloric requirement). Protein intake 0.4 ± 0.1 g/kg/kg/day
|
7–10 days
|
|
Chen et al., 2006 [56]a
|
Medical
|
RCT
|
107
|
Similar age distribution in the control and intervention groups
|
76.6
|
Similar APACHE II distribution in both groups
|
100 %
|
Continuous feeding, with calories significantly different from the other group
|
Intermittent feeding
|
Not clear At least 7 days
|
|
Nguyen et al., 2007 [57]a
|
Medical
|
RCT
|
75
|
50.9 years in the intervention group, 52 years in the control group
|
70
|
23 in the intervention group, 22.6 in the control group
|
100 %
|
Combination prokinetic therapy (erythromycin and metoclopramide) Significantly higher caloric intake
|
Erythromycin alone Lower caloric intake
|
7 days
|
|
Desachy et al., 2008 [58]a
|
Medical and surgical
|
RCT
|
100
|
64 years in the interventional group, 58 years in the control group
|
69
|
APACHE II is not reported SAPS II: 40 in gradual feeding group, 42 in immediate feeding group
|
100 %
|
Gradual feeding 76 % of optimal calorie intake (1297 ± 331 kcal)
|
Immediate feeding 95 % of optimal calorie intake (1715 ± 331 kcal)
|
120 ± 48 hours (similar in the two groups); 45 patients were followed for maximum of 7 days
|
|
Hsu et al., 2009 [59]
|
Medical
|
RCT
|
121
|
70 years in the intervention, 67.9 years in the control group
|
70.2
|
20.5 in the intervention group, 20.3 in the control group
|
100 %
|
Nasoduodenal feeding group (1658 ± 118 kcal; 27.1 ± 7.6 kcal/kg/day) Protein intake: 1.11 ± 0.31 g/kg/day
|
Nasogastric feeding group (1426 ± 110 kcal; 23.5 ± 8.8 kcal/kg/day) Protein intake 0.97 ± 0.39 g/kg/day
|
Mean study period was 11 days
|
|
White et al., 2009 [60]
|
Medical
|
RCT
|
104
|
50 years in the intervention group, 54 years in the control group
|
50
|
30 in the intervention group, 24.5 in the control group
|
100 %
|
Postpyloric feeding (1296 kcal; 88.5 % of caloric requirement) Average protein deficit 6.5 g/day
|
Gastric feeding (1515 kcal; 95 % of caloric requirement) Average protein deficit 3.5 g/day
|
Not reported Mean gastric feeding duration was 3.1 days, mean postpyloric feeding duration was 4.0 days
|
|
Montejo et al., 2010 [61]a
|
Medical and surgical
|
RCT
|
329
|
65 years in the intervention group, 60 years in the control group
|
65
|
19.4 in the intervention group, 18.9 in the control group
|
100 %
|
High gastric residual volume of 500 ml (diet volume ratio in the first week = 88.2 %)
|
Low gastric residual volume of 200 ml (diet volume ratio in the first week = 84.5 %)
|
The duration of enteral nutrition (maximum of 28 days)
|
|
Acosta-Escribano et al., 2010 [62]a
|
Severe traumatic brain injury
|
RCT
|
104
|
35 years in the intervention group, 41 years in the control group
|
86.5
|
16 in the intervention group, 18 in the control group
|
100 %
|
Transpyloric feeding (92 % of the feeding volume given)
|
Gastric feeding (84 % of the feeding volume given)
|
Not reported
|
|
Arabi et al., 2011 [14]
|
Medical and surgical
|
RCT
|
240
|
50.3 years in the intervention group, 5.19 years in the control group
|
68.3
|
25.2 in the intervention group, 25.3 in the control group
|
99.2 %
|
Permissive under feeding: 59 % of requirement (1066 ± 306 kcal; 13.9 kcal/kg/day) Protein intake 0.61 g/kg/day
|
Target feeding 71.4 % of requirement (1251 ± 432 kcal; 16.4 kcal/kg/day) Protein intake 0.57 g/kg/day
|
Duration of enteral feeding or ICU discharge
|
|
Singer et al., 2011 [63]
|
Medical, surgical and trauma
|
RCT
|
130
|
59 years in the intervention group, 62 years in the control group
|
58
|
22.1 in the intervention group, 22.4 in the control group
|
100 %
|
Tight caloric intake according to indirect calorimetry (2086 ± 467 kcal) Protein intake 0.95 g/kg/day
|
Standard caloric intake at 25 kcal/kg/day (1480 ± 356 kcal) Protein intake 0.68 g/kg/day
|
Not clear. Till day 14 or discharge from the ICU
|
|
Rice et al., 2011 [15]
|
Acute respiratory failure
|
RCT
|
200
|
53 years in the intervention group, 54 years in the control group
|
44
|
26.9 in both groups
|
100 %
|
Trophic feeding (300 ± 149 kcal; 15.8 ± 11 % of caloric requirement) Protein intake: 0.13 g/kg/day
|
Full feeding (1418 ± 686 kcal; 74.8 ± 38.5 % of caloric requirement) Protein intake 0.66 g/kg/day
|
6 days
|
|
Rice et al., 2012 [16]a
|
ARDS patients (medical, surgical and trauma)
|
RCT
|
1000
|
52 years in the intervention and control groups
|
51
|
APACHE III: 92 in the intervention group, 90 in the control group
|
100 %
|
Trophic feeding (400 kcal; 25 % of estimated non-protein caloric requirement)
|
Full feeding (1300 kcal; 80 % of estimated caloric requirement)
|
6 days
|
|
Huang et al., 2012 [64]
|
Medical
|
RCT
|
101
|
70.9 years in the intervention group, 68.3 years in the control group
|
71
|
21.0 in the intervention group, 19.6 in the control group
|
100 %
|
Nasoduodenal feeding (1575 kcal; 90.4 % of target energy intake). Protein intake 93.2 ± 26.9 % of target
|
Nasogastric feeding (1343 kcal; 76.2 % of target energy intake) Protein intake 78.6 ± 28.5 % of target
|
21 days
|
|
Reignier et al., 2013 [65]a
|
Medical and surgical
|
RCT
|
449
|
61 years in the intervention group, 62 years in the control group
|
70
|
Baseline SOFA 8 for both groups
|
100 %
|
Not monitoring residual gastric volume (calorie deficit 319 kcal)
|
Monitoring residual gastric volume (calorie deficit 509 kcal)
|
Not clear Follow up for 90 days
|
|
Rugeles et al., 2013 [23]
|
Medical and surgical
|
RCT
|
80
|
53.3 years in the intervention group, 55.7 years in the control group
|
58
|
13.9 in the intervention group, 15.1 in the control group
| |
Hyperproteic hypocaloric enteral nutrition as 15 kcal/kg/day (756 kcal) Protein intake 1.4 g/kg/day
|
Standard nutritional regimen as 25 kcal/kg/day (921 kcal) Protein intake 0.76 g/kg/day
|
7 days
|
|
Peake et al., 2014 [66]
|
Mechanically ventilated (medical and surgical)
|
RCT
|
112
|
56.4 years in the intervention group, 56.5 years in the control group
|
74
|
23 in the intervention group, 22 in the control group
|
100 %
|
Nutritional formula 1.5 kcal/ml (1832 ± 381 kcal; 27.3 ± 7.4 kcal/kg; 96.0 % of requirement) Protein intake 75 % of target
|
Nutritional formula 1 kcal/ml (1259 ± 428 kcal; 19.0 ± 6.0 kcal/kg; 68.4 % of requirement) Protein intake 79 % of target
|
10 days
|
|
Charles et al., 2014 [22]
|
Surgical/ trauma
|
RCT
|
83
|
50.4 years in the intervention group, 53.4 years in the control group
|
71
|
16.6 in the intervention group, 17.3 in the control group
|
62.7 %
|
Hypocaloric feeding: 50 % of estimated requirement as 12.5-15 kcal/kg/day (982 ± 61 kcal; 12.3 ± 0.7 kcal/kg/day) Protein intake 1.1 g/kg/day
|
Eucaloric feeding 100 % of estimated requirement as 25–30 kcal/kg/day (1338 ± 92 kcal; 17.1 ± 1.1 kcal/kg/day) Protein intake 1.1 g/kg/day
|
Not clear
|
|
Braunschweig et al., 2015 [67]
|
Acute lung injury patients (medical and surgical)
|
RCT
|
78
|
52.5 years in the intervention group, 58.6 years in the intervention group
|
51.2
|
23.4 in the intervention group, 27.7 in the control group
| |
Intensive medical nutrition: >75 % of estimated energy and protein needs by a multifaceted approach (1798 ± 509 kcal; 25.4 ± 6.6 kcal/kg/day; 84.7 % of energy needs) Protein intake 0.95 g/kg/day
|
Standard nutrition support care (1221 ± 423 kcal; 16.6 ± 5.6 kcal/kg/day; 55.4 % of energy needs) Protein intake 0.68 g/kg/day
|
Till hospital discharge
|
|
Arabi et al., 2015 [68]
|
Medical and surgical
|
RCT
|
894
|
50.2 years in the intervention group, 50.9 years in the control group
|
64.2
|
21.0 in the intervention and control groups
|
96.8 %
|
Permissive underfeeding 40–60 % of caloric requirements: (835 ± 297 kcal; 46 % of requirement) Protein intake 0.72 g/kg/day
|
Standard feeding: 70–100 % of caloric requirements (1299 ± 467 kcal; 71 % of requirement) Protein intake 0.73 g/kg/day
|
Up to 14 days
|
|
Doig et al., 2015 [69]a
|
Medical and surgical
|
RCT
|
331
|
59 years in the intervention group, 61 years in the control group
|
58.6
|
18 in the intervention and control groups
|
91 %
|
Protocolized caloric restriction 20 kcal/h for ≥2 days then caloric intake adjusted depending on serum phosphate
|
Standard care, mean caloric intake at enrolment 68.5 kcal/h
|
At least 4 days
|
